MCQ
upsc-p1-economy-sustainable-development-sdg MCQ - Practice Questions with Answers
Solve 6 upsc-p1-economy-sustainable-development-sdg questions for RAS/RPSC preparation.
Practice questions
Q1Consider the following statements about project approvals in India: 1. Consent to establish and consent to operate under water and air pollution laws are separate from environmental clearance. 2. Post-clearance compliance monitoring is irrelevant once construction begins. Which one of the following is correct?
Statement 1 is correct because pollution-control consents and environmental clearance are distinct approvals. Statement 2 is incorrect: enforcement of conditions after construction begins is a central governance test, especially for emissions, afforestation, waste disposal and monitoring reports.
Q2Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below. List I A. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, 1986 B. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, 1991 C. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, 1996 D. Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, 2000 List II 1. Pollution-free water and air within the right to life 2. Absolute liability for hazardous industries 3. Project allowed with conditions and monitoring 4. Precautionary and polluter pays principles
The Oleum gas leak case developed absolute liability; Subhash Kumar linked pollution-free water and air to life; Vellore recognised precautionary and polluter pays principles; and Narmada illustrates conditional project balancing. Therefore, option A has the correct set of matches.
Q3Arrange the following in chronological order, beginning with the earliest: A. Rio Earth Summit produced Agenda 21 and the Rio principles B. The Brundtland Report framed sustainable development around present needs and future generations C. Stockholm Conference placed environment on the global policy agenda D. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment inserted Article 48A and Article 51A(g) Select the correct answer using the code given below.
The sequence is Stockholm Conference, 1972; the 42nd Amendment, 1976; the Brundtland Report, 1987; and the Rio Earth Summit, 1992. Hence the order C-D-B-A is shown in option B.
Q4With reference to environmental principles in India, consider the following statements: 1. The precautionary principle supports preventive action even when complete scientific certainty is unavailable and serious environmental harm is plausible. 2. The polluter pays principle is confined to imposing a fine after pollution has occurred. 3. Section 20 of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 requires the Tribunal to apply sustainable development, the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle. Which of the statements given above are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Precaution permits preventive action despite scientific uncertainty, and Section 20 expressly binds the Tribunal to the three stated principles. Statement 2 is incorrect because polluter pays includes prevention, compensation and restoration costs, not merely a post-pollution fine.
Q5With reference to the global Sustainable Development Goal framework, consider the following statements: 1. The 2030 Agenda contains 17 Goals and 169 targets. 2. The Goals apply only to developing countries. 3. The High-level Political Forum is the central United Nations platform for follow-up and review. 4. Voluntary National Reviews are court-enforced judgments against countries. Which of the statements given above are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. The 2030 Agenda is universal and contains 17 Goals and 169 targets, while the High-level Political Forum leads global follow-up and review. Statements 2 and 4 are incorrect: the Goals apply to all countries, and Voluntary National Reviews are political accountability instruments rather than court judgments.
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6Arrange the following Indian environmental laws in chronological order, beginning with the earliest: A. Biological Diversity Act B. Forest Conservation Act C. National Green Tribunal Act D. Environment Protection Act Select the correct answer using the code given below.