The Government of India notified the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, marking the full operationalisation of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. The Act and Rules create a citizen-centred framework for responsible use of digital personal data, with obligations for Data Fiduciaries and rights for Data Principals. A central feature is the Data Protection Board of India, which oversees compliance, inquires into breaches and supports corrective action. The Rules provide for a digital-first Board, online complaints, consent notices, Consent Managers, breach-notification protocols and timelines for responding to data-principal requests. The highest penalty under the framework is up to Rs 250 crore for failure to maintain reasonable security safeguards. Official telecom data shows 101.78 crore internet subscribers in India as of 30 September 2025.