Key facts

  • An Excel formula begins with =; examples such as =B2+C2 use cell references and return the result in the formula cell.
  • A worksheet cell is addressed by column letter and row number; a range such as B2:B10 covers more than one cell.
  • Modern Excel worksheets support 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns; the last column is XFD.
  • Relative references such as A1 adjust when copied; absolute references such as $A$1 stay locked; mixed references lock only row or column.

Key Points at a Glance

  1. 1

    MS Excel is a spreadsheet application for arranging data in rows and columns, calculating with formulas/functions and presenting patterns through charts.

  2. 2

    An Excel formula begins with `=`; examples such as `=B2+C2` use cell references and return the result in the formula cell.

  3. 3

    Excel applies operator precedence: parentheses first, then exponentiation, then multiplication/division, then addition/subtraction; brackets make the intended order clear.

  4. 4

    A worksheet cell is addressed by column letter and row number; a range such as `B2:B10` covers more than one cell.

  5. 5

    Modern Excel worksheets support 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns; the last column is XFD.

  6. 6

    Relative references such as `A1` adjust when copied; absolute references such as `$A$1` stay locked; mixed references lock only row or column.

  7. 7

    `SUM`, `AVERAGE`, `MAX`, `MIN`, `COUNT`, `COUNTA`, `IF`, `COUNTIF` and `SUMIF` are high-yield basic functions for simple CET-style tables.

  8. 8

    Choose the chart by purpose: column/bar for comparison, line for trend, pie for parts of one whole and scatter for relation between two numeric variables.

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Excel basics and spreadsheet structure

MS Excel is a spreadsheet application used to organise, calculate, analyse and present data. A spreadsheet stores data in rows and columns. The box at the crossing of a row and a column is a cell. Each cell has an address, such as A1, where A is the column and 1 is the row. A continuous group of cells is a range; for example, `A1:C5` means the rectangular block from A1 to C5. An Excel file is commonly called a workbook, and a workbook can contain worksheets.

For CET-level questions, think of Excel as a practical calculation and data-handling tool. The useful focus is Excel structure, formulas, functions, charts, sorting/filtering, formatting, printing and common errors. A marksheet can keep student names, subject marks, total, percentage and result status. An attendance register can calculate monthly presence. A small budget table can total expenses and show a chart. The base rule is simple: Excel stores data in cells, calculates through formulas and functions, and presents patterns through charts.

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