Computer knowledge: OS, Office, Internet, e-services and AI
Key facts
- The World Wide Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and runs over the Internet through web protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to provide a much larger address space for Internet-connected devices.
- Email uses SMTP for sending messages, while POP3 and IMAP are used for receiving or synchronising mail from a server.
Key Points at a Glance
- 1
A computer is a fast, accurate and programmable electronic device; its common uses include data processing, communication, education, banking, governance, office work and record management.
- 2
An operating system is system software that manages processor time, memory, files, devices and user access between hardware and application programs.
- 3
Computer organization includes input devices, processing by the CPU, primary memory such as RAM and ROM, secondary storage, output devices and file-system organization.
- 4
Microsoft Word prepares documents, Excel manages spreadsheets and formulae, and PowerPoint creates presentations; these three applications are the explicit MS Office focus for CET Graduation computer knowledge.
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The World Wide Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and runs over the Internet through web protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS.
- 6
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to provide a much larger address space for Internet-connected devices.
- 7
Email uses SMTP for sending messages, while POP3 and IMAP are used for receiving or synchronising mail from a server.
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Cyber security requires safe passwords, careful URL checking, software updates, backup habits and protection from phishing, malware and unsafe attachments.
- 9
E-services deliver government or private services online through portals, apps and digital records, so login security, correct data entry and receipt preservation are exam-relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence refers to computer systems that perform tasks needing human-like intelligence; machine learning learns patterns from data and generative AI can create text, images, audio or other digital content.
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Computer characteristics, organization and memory
A computer is an electronic data-processing device that accepts input, processes it according to stored instructions, stores data and produces output. Its examination-worthy characteristics are speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capacity, automation, versatility and programmability. It does not have independent judgement; wrong input or wrong instructions can still produce wrong output. This is why basic computer literacy always links capability with correct data entry, backup and security habits.
Computer organization is the simple input-process-output-storage model. Input devices such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, webcam and touch screen enter data or commands. The CPU processes instructions through the control unit, arithmetic logic unit and registers. Primary memory is directly used during processing: RAM is volatile working memory, while ROM stores permanent startup instructions and normally keeps its contents without power. Secondary storage such as SSD, hard disk, memory card or optical disc keeps files for later use. Output devices such as monitor, printer, speaker and projector present results to the user.
A file system organizes stored data into files, folders, paths and drives. File names, extensions, locations, permissions and backup copies matter in daily work because forms, admit cards, receipts, spreadsheets and PDFs must be found and opened later. Common file ideas include document files, spreadsheets, presentations, images, compressed folders and executable programs.
Core idea: a computer is useful because hardware, memory, storage, files and software work together under clear instructions.
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