RAS question
Statement: 'All teachers are educated. All educated people are taxpayers.' Conclusion I: All teachers are taxpayers. Conclusion II: Some taxpayers are teachers. Which conclusion(s) follow(s)?
Correct answer: (C) Both I and II follow.
Both conclusions follow: all teachers are taxpayers, and therefore some taxpayers are teachers.
Explanation
The two premises form a clean chain of deductive reasoning: all teachers are included in educated people, and all educated people are included in taxpayers. NCERT explains deductive reasoning as using given premises, assumed to be true, to deduce conclusions through the correct process of reasoning. Applying that here, every teacher must be a taxpayer, so Conclusion I follows. Once teachers are placed inside the taxpayer group, and the question assumes the class of teachers exists, at least some taxpayers are teachers; therefore Conclusion II also follows. This is not a converse error, because we are not claiming that all taxpayers are teachers.
Why the other options are wrong
- (A) It accepts the transitive conclusion that all teachers are taxpayers but misses the implied particular conclusion that some taxpayers are teachers when teachers exist.
- (B) It accepts only the particular conclusion, although the premises directly establish the stronger universal conclusion that all teachers are taxpayers.
- (D) It rejects conclusions that follow from the stated premises through a valid deductive chain: teachers fall within educated people, and educated people fall within taxpayers.
Concept
This tests syllogistic deductive reasoning, especially class inclusion and the move from a universal relation to a valid particular conclusion. It recurs in RAS because reasoning questions often check whether candidates can separate valid inference from unsupported converse claims.