India and Nepal on November 13, 2025 interchanged a Letter of Exchange (LoE) amending the Protocol to the Treaty of Transit between the two nations during a bilateral meeting in New Delhi between Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal and Nepal's Minister for Industry, Commerce and Supplies, Anil Kumar Sinha. The signing will facilitate movement of rail-based freight between Jogbani (India) and Biratnagar (Nepal) including bulk cargo under an expanded definition. This liberalisation extends to key transit corridors — Kolkata-Jogbani, Kolkata-Nautanwa (Sunauli), and Visakhapatnam-Nautanwa (Sunauli) — strengthening multimodal trade connectivity between the two countries and Nepal's trade with third countries. The LoE enables direct rail connectivity along the Jogbani-Biratnagar rail link for both containerised and bulk cargo, facilitating transport from the ports of Kolkata and Visakhapatnam to the Nepal Customs Yard cargo station located in Morang District, near Biratnagar in Nepal. The Jogbani-Biratnagar rail link, constructed with grant assistance from the Government of India, was jointly inaugurated by the Prime Ministers of India and Nepal on 1 June 2023. The meeting also welcomed ongoing bilateral initiatives to enhance cross-border connectivity and trade facilitation, including the development of Integrated Check Posts and other infrastructure. India remains Nepal's largest trade and investment partner, accounting for a significant share of its external trade. These measures are expected to consolidate economic and commercial linkages between the two countries and support Nepal's access to third-country markets through Indian ports.