Introduction & Syllabus Context

This topic clusters four major processes of macro-social change — secularisation, urbanisation, modernisation, and globalisation. They are deeply interconnected: urbanisation accelerates secularisation; modernisation creates the structural conditions for globalisation; globalisation challenges traditional values and triggers counter-movements.

For the RPSC examiner, the focus is on:

• India-specific data (urban population, trade figures)
• Named theorists (McLuhan, Appadurai, Berger, Eisenstadt)
• Constitutional aspects (Indian secularism)
• PYQ concepts: Global Village (2021), Westoxication (2023), Appadurai's cultural flows (2023)