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Interconnections Between the Four Processes
The four processes — secularisation, urbanisation, modernisation, and globalisation — reinforce and complicate each other:
| Process A | Impact on Process B | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Urbanisation | Accelerates secularisation | City anonymity weakens religious community pressure |
| Modernisation | Creates conditions for globalisation | Industrial capitalism needs world markets |
| Globalisation | Triggers counter-movements | Hindutva, political Islam as backlash against westernisation |
| Secularisation | Enables modernisation | Rational institutions replace religious authority |
| Globalisation | Complicates urbanisation | Mega-cities in developing world grow faster with global capital |
India's unique position: India simultaneously experiences all four processes — urban India modernises and globalises while rural/semi-urban India retains strong traditional structures. This dual society creates the "India and Bharat" tension.
Key Thinkers Summary
| Thinker | Concept | Key Work |
|---|---|---|
| Peter Berger | Secularisation → privatisation of religion | The Sacred Canopy (1967) |
| Max Weber | Disenchantment of the world (Entzauberung) | The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism (1905) |
| Marshall McLuhan | Global Village — electronic media compress space-time | The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) |
| Arjun Appadurai | 5 Global Scapes; disjuncture; modernity at large | Modernity at Large (1996) |
| Jalal Al-e-Ahmad | Westoxication — uncritical adoption of Western culture | Gharbzadegi (1962) |
| W.W. Rostow | Stages of growth — take-off to maturity | Stages of Economic Growth (1960) |
| S.N. Eisenstadt | Multiple modernities | Modernization: Protest and Change (1966) |
| George Ritzer | McDonaldisation of society | The McDonaldization of Society (1993) |