Energy Infrastructure

3.1 India's Energy Profile

India is the world's 3rd largest energy consumer (after China and USA), with 1,025 Mtoe primary energy consumption (2022–23). The energy mix remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels:

• Coal: ~55% of electricity generation
• Oil/Gas: transportation and industry
• Renewables: growing rapidly — 22% of electricity in 2023–24

Electricity sector key figures (April 2025):

• Total installed capacity: 950+ GW (including conventional + renewable)
• Conventional (thermal + nuclear + large hydro): ~730 GW
• Renewable (solar + wind + small hydro + bio): ~220 GW
• Solar alone: 89.9 GW (March 2025) — world's 4th largest solar capacity
• Electricity access: 100% household electrification achieved under Saubhagya scheme (2019)
• Per capita consumption: 1,357 kWh (2023–24) — well below world average of 3,400 kWh

3.2 Key Energy Policies and Schemes

National Solar Mission (under NAPCC, 2010): Initially targeted 20 GW by 2022; target revised to 100 GW by 2022, then further to 280 GW solar by 2030. As of March 2025: 89.9 GW — trajectory on track for 2030.

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (February 2024):

• Target: Rooftop solar on 1 crore households
• Subsidy: Rs 30,000–78,000 per household depending on capacity
• Beneficiaries get 300 units/month free electricity
• Rs 75,021 crore total financial support over 7 years

PM Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM, 2019):

• Solar pumps for 35 lakh farmers; grid-connected solar on agricultural land
• Target: 30.8 GW solar capacity through farmers

National Green Hydrogen Mission (January 2023):

• Target: 5 MMTPA (million metric tonnes per annum) green hydrogen by 2030
• Outlay: Rs 19,744 crore
• Decarbonise fertiliser, refinery, steel sectors; reduce oil import dependence
• Position India as global green hydrogen export hub

FAME India Phase-II (2019): Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles

• Outlay: Rs 10,000 crore over 3 years
• Target: 7,090 electric buses, 5 lakh 3-wheelers, 55,000 4-wheelers, 10 lakh 2-wheelers
• Charging infrastructure development

Energy sector targets (2030):

• 500 GW non-fossil electricity capacity
• 50% of power from renewable sources
• Reduce emission intensity 45% below 2005 levels

Energy Scheme	Year	Target	Status
National Solar Mission	2010	280 GW solar by 2030	89.9 GW (March 2025)
Saubhagya (household electrification)	2017	100% electrification	Achieved 2019
PM-KUSUM	2019	30.8 GW solar via farmers	Ongoing
FAME India Phase-II	2019	EV adoption	Rs 10,000 crore
PM Surya Ghar	2024	1 crore rooftop solar	75 lakh+ applications (2025)
National Green Hydrogen Mission	2023	5 MMTPA H₂ by 2030	Rs 19,744 crore

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