Union Government (Executive, Legislature, Judiciary) MCQ — 375 Practice Questions with Answers

Explanation

PIL was introduced in India in the late 1970s and early 1980s primarily by Justice P.N. Bhagwati and Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer. The first PIL case is generally considered to be Mumbai Kamgar Sabha v. Abdulbhai (1976) by Justice Krishna Iyer, and Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979) by Justice Bhagwati.

Explanation

Article 78 prescribes three duties of the PM: (a) communicate all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to administration and proposals for legislation to the President, (b) furnish such information as the President may call for, and (c) submit for consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a minister but not considered by the Council, if the President so requires.

Explanation

The Supreme Court directed the establishment of a National Tribunal Commission within 4 months. The court invalidated the 4-year tenure limits and the 50-year minimum age requirement for tribunal members, holding that these provisions undermined judicial independence.

Explanation

The 91st Amendment (2003) made two key changes to the Tenth Schedule: (1) Deleted Paragraph 3 which exempted splits (defection by one-third members), and (2) Amended Paragraph 4 so that merger is exempted only when two-thirds of members of a party agree to the merger. It also limited the Council of Ministers to 15% of the House strength.

Explanation

Article 78 provides that the PM shall communicate all decisions of the Council of Ministers to the President, furnish information as the President may call for, and submit for the consideration of the Council any matter on which a Minister has taken a decision.