REET Level 2 study notes
Sanskrit Karak and Vibhakti
Kāraka is the relation a noun bears to the verb; vibhakti is the case-ending expressing it. Six kārakas — kartṛ (prathamā), karma (dvitīyā), karaṇa (tṛtīyā), sampradāna (caturthī), apādāna (pañcamī), adhikaraṇa (saptamī) — plus non-kāraka sambandha (ṣaṣṭhī) and sambodhana. Upapada rules override bare logic: namaḥ/svasti force caturthī, saha forces tṛtīyā, ṛte/vinā force pañcamī. For REET Level-II Sanskrit, identify the verb first, ask the six relation questions, then check the upapada list before naming the case.
Key points
- RBSE REET Sanskrit (Optional) tests kāraka-bheda and vibhakti-prayoga.
- Six kārakas: kartṛ, karma, karaṇa, sampradāna, apādāna, adhikaraṇa.
- Map: kartṛ–prathamā, karma–dvitīyā, karaṇa–tṛtīyā, sampradāna–caturthī, apādāna–pañcamī, adhikaraṇa–saptamī.
- Sambandha (ṣaṣṭhī) and sambodhana are relations but not kārakas.
- Passive (karmaṇi) shifts the agent to tṛtīyā; karma takes prathamā and verb agreement.
- Upapada-vibhakti: namaḥ/svasti/svāhā → caturthī; saha/sākam → tṛtīyā; ṛte → pañcamī; vinā → dvitīyā/tṛtīyā/pañcamī.
- Words of fear and motion-towards: source in pañcamī; destination in dvitīyā.
- Free word order means the vibhakti, not position, signals the kāraka.
- Top traps: apādāna vs adhikaraṇa, karaṇa vs apādāna, upapada override, voice-shift.
- Exam habit: verb first, six relation questions, then upapada check.
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Kāraka is the relation a noun bears to the verb; vibhakti is the case-ending expressing it. Six kārakas — kartṛ (prathamā), karma (dvitīyā), karaṇa (tṛtīyā), sampradāna (caturthī), apādāna (pañcamī), adhikaraṇa (saptamī) — plus non-kāraka sambandha (ṣaṣṭhī) and sambodhana. Upapada rules override bare logic: namaḥ/svasti force caturthī, saha forces tṛtīyā, ṛte/vinā force pañcamī. For REET Level-II Sanskrit, identify the verb...