REET Level 1 study notes
Karak (case relations) and Vachya — primary Sanskrit recognition
Karak names the relation of a noun or pronoun to the verb: standard Sanskrit counts six direct karak relations, while सम्बन्ध is a sixth-vibhakti relation between nouns and is not a direct karak. At the primary level, candidates identify roles such as कर्ता, कर्म, करण and अधिकरण in short sentences like रामः वनं गच्छति and बालकः पुस्तकं पठति. Vachya means voice; कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य and भाववाच्य are introduced for recognition, not full transformation drills.
Key points
- Karak names the relation a noun or pronoun has with the verb; six karak relations are standard in Sanskrit: karta, karma, karan, sampradan, apadan and adhikaran.
- Sambandha is expressed by the sixth vibhakti but is not counted as a karak because it does not directly relate the noun to the verb.
- Vachya means voice; karta-vachya, karma-vachya and bhava-vachya may be introduced at recognition level before transformation drills.
- Anchor sentences such as Ramah vanam gacchati and balakah pustakam pathati can introduce karta and karma roles before karan and adhikaran.
- Karak applies to nouns and pronouns only; Sanskrit verbs take person, number and tense, not karak.
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Karak names the relation of a noun or pronoun to the verb: standard Sanskrit counts six direct karak relations, while सम्बन्ध is a sixth-vibhakti relation between nouns and is not a direct karak. At the primary level, candidates identify roles such as कर्ता, कर्म, करण and अधिकरण in short sentences like रामः वनं गच्छति and बालकः पुस्तकं पठति. Vachya means voice; कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य and भाववाच्य are introduced for...