Key facts

  • The Patwar General Hindi scope includes both forming samast or samasik pad and doing samas-vigrah, so preparation must cover both directions.
  • Samas compresses two or more meaningful words into one compound while preserving a specific relation between them.
  • Samas-vigrah expands the compound into meaningful constituent words and restores the hidden relation.
  • अव्ययीभाव usually has an indeclinable-like first element and an adverbial sense, as in "यथाशक्ति".
  • तत्पुरुष usually keeps the second member dominant and hides a case relation, as in "राजपुत्र" from "राजा का पुत्र".

Key Points at a Glance

  1. 1

    The Patwar General Hindi scope includes both forming samast or samasik pad and doing samas-vigrah, so preparation must cover both directions.

  2. 2

    Samas compresses two or more meaningful words into one compound while preserving a specific relation between them.

  3. 3

    Samas-vigrah expands the compound into meaningful constituent words and restores the hidden relation.

  4. 4

    अव्ययीभाव usually has an indeclinable-like first element and an adverbial sense, as in "यथाशक्ति".

  5. 5

    तत्पुरुष usually keeps the second member dominant and hides a case relation, as in "राजपुत्र" from "राजा का पुत्र".

  6. 6

    कर्मधारय describes the same object directly, as in "नीलकमल" from "नीला कमल".

  7. 7

    द्विगु is recognised through a number-based group or quantified whole, as in "त्रिलोक".

  8. 8

    द्वंद्व gives equal importance to parallel members and usually expands with "और" or "या".

  9. 9

    बहुव्रीहि points to an external possessor or referent, often visible through "जिसका", "जिसके" or "जिसकी" in the vigrah.

  10. 10

    The main trap in tatpurush versus karmadharaya is hidden case relation versus direct same-object description.

  11. 11

    The main trap in dvigu versus dwandva is number-governed group versus equal-member pairing.

  12. 12

    A correct samast pad removes relation words but does not change the meaning relation of the original vigrah phrase.

  13. 13

    In objective questions, always write the shortest meaningful vigrah mentally before selecting the type.

  14. 14

    A grammatical expansion can still be wrong if it drops a word part, adds a new idea or changes the relation.

What is samas and why does it matter in the Patwar Hindi paper?

Samas is the Hindi grammar process that compresses two or more meaningful words into one compound while preserving the relation between them, and it matters in the Patwar Hindi paper because candidates are expected to recognise, expand and form such compounds accurately. The compound is called a samast pad or samasik pad. The expansion of that compound back into a meaningful phrase is called samas-vigrah. For Patwar General Hindi, this is not a decorative grammar topic. The official syllabus scope includes making samast or samasik pad and doing samas-vigrah, and the official Patwar 2021 master paper signal shows direct objective questions around samas recognition. According to the Rajasthan Staff Selection Board's revised Patwar Recruitment 2025 advertisement, the revised recruitment covers 3,705 Patwar posts. That means the candidate must do three things quickly: identify the compound, expand it correctly, and name its type where required.

The simplest way to think about samas is compression with relation. A phrase such as "raja ka putra" can be compressed into "rajputra". The words do not merely sit beside each other; they carry a relation, here possession or sambandh. A phrase such as "neela kamal" becomes "neelkamal", where the first word qualifies the second word. A phrase such as "mata aur pita" becomes "mata-pita", where both words remain equally important. A phrase such as "lamba hai udar jiska" points to someone outside the words and becomes "lambodar". These examples show why samas cannot be solved by joining words mechanically. The meaning relation is the key.

In exam questions, the language may ask for the correct samas-vigrah, the correct samast pad, the correct type of samas, or the odd option. Sometimes the question gives a compound such as "yathashakti" and asks for the correct expansion. Sometimes it gives an expansion such as "jitni shakti ho uske anusar" and asks for the correct compound. Sometimes it asks whether a word is tatpurush, karmadharaya, dvandva, dvigu, avyayibhava or bahuvrihi. The answer is usually visible if the candidate first tests dominance: is the first word dominant, the second word dominant, both words equally dominant, a number-group relation present, or an external referent intended?

Two exam habits matter. First, do not translate the Hindi compound into English before solving it. Keep the romanised Hindi example in front of you and expand it in natural Hindi. Second, do not use only one surface clue. A number at the start may indicate dvigu, but not every number-word example is automatically the same in every context. A pair joined by "aur" is usually dvandva, but if the pair describes a third person, it may move toward bahuvrihi. A descriptive phrase may be karmadharaya, but a case-relation phrase may be tatpurush. Samas questions reward meaning checks more than memorised lists.

The working definition for this topic is therefore: samas forms a compact word by removing or hiding case markers, conjunctions or explanatory words, while preserving a specific relation between the constituent words. Samas-vigrah restores that relation in a meaningful phrase. A correct answer must preserve both the words and their intended relation. If the expansion is grammatical but changes the relation, it is wrong for exam purposes.