Behavior and Law
382 key terms for this subject — each defined in plain language, with where it helps in the exam and a link to the study note it comes from.
- 2019 Amendment Bill
Proposed removal of ₹10,000 cap; private old age home regulation; emotional care
Read the study note →- 2019 Amendment
Enhanced penalties; death penalty for agg. PSA on child under 16
Read the study note →- 4 Is
Bass's components: Idealised Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individual Consideration
Read the study note →- 6 Core Virtues
Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, Transcendence (VIA)
Read the study note →- 60-Day Inquiry
ICC/LCC must complete inquiry within 60 days of receiving complaint
Read the study note →- 90-Day Limit
Tribunal must decide within 90 days (120 with extension)
Read the study note →- Ab Initio
From the very beginning — transfer deemed void from start under S.23
Read the study note →- Abandonment
Intentional desertion of senior citizen — Section 24
Read the study note →- Abetment (S.45–60)
Instigating, conspiring, or aiding in commission of offence
Where it helps IPC S.107 equivalent
Read the study note →- Abi land
Perennially irrigated (canal) land — highest revenue classification
Read the study note →- Active Listening
Full attention, non-judgment, reflection, clarification — Rogers & Farson (1957)
Where it helps Overcoming barriers
Read the study note →- Aggravated PSA
PSA by person of authority/trust/relative; on disabled; causing pregnancy/HIV (Section 5)
Read the study note →- Aggravated SA
Sexual assault by person of authority — 5–7 years (Section 9)
Where it helps Aggravated category
Read the study note →- Aggrieved Person
Woman in/was in domestic relationship alleging DV — Section 2(a)
Read the study note →- Aggrieved Woman
Any woman alleging SH at workplace — any age, any employment type
Read the study note →- All-Channel Network
Everyone communicates with everyone; highest satisfaction; slowest
Where it helps Network structures
Read the study note →- Annual Report
ICC's yearly case summary to employer + District Officer (Section 21)
Read the study note →- Anticipatory bail
Pre-arrest bail; granted by Sessions Court/High Court in anticipation of arrest
Read the study note →- Apna Khata
Rajasthan's online land records portal (apnakhata.raj.nic.in)
Read the study note →- Appellate Tribunal
District Magistrate — hears appeal within 60 days (Section 16)
Read the study note →- Appreciative Inquiry
Cooperrider & Srivastva (1987) organisational method; 4-D cycle (Discovery, Dream, Design, Destiny)
Read the study note →- Appreciative Intelligence (AQ)
Ability to reframe positively and act on latent potential (Thatchenkery, 2006)
Read the study note →- ASA Model
Schneider (1987): Attraction-Selection-Attrition; explains organisational culture homogeneity
Read the study note →- Bail
Release of accused from custody pending trial; bailable/non-bailable
Read the study note →- Banjar land
Fallow/waste land — lowest or zero revenue
Read the study note →- Barani land
Rain-fed (un-irrigated) land — lower revenue classification
Read the study note →- Batai system
Crop-sharing rent system where landlord takes 1/3 to 1/6 of produce
Read the study note →- Batai
Share-cropping arrangement where rent = share of crop
Read the study note →- Berlo's SMCR
1960 model: Source-Message-Channel-Receiver; each with 5 sub-factors
Read the study note →- Bhanwari Devi
Rajasthan government employee whose case triggered Vishaka PIL
Where it helps Historical origin
Read the study note →- Bhu-Naksha
Rajasthan's online cadastral map portal showing survey boundaries
Read the study note →- BNS (Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita)
Criminal code replacing IPC 1860; 358 sections; effective 1 Jul 2024
Read the study note →- BNS S.152
Acts endangering sovereignty/unity; replaced sedition; RI 7 yrs to life
Read the study note →- BNSS
Procedural code replacing CrPC 1973; T138
Where it helps Companion legislation
Read the study note →- Board of Revenue
Highest Revenue Court in Rajasthan, headquartered at Ajmer
Read the study note →- BSA (Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam)
Evidence code replacing Indian Evidence Act 1872; 3rd reform law
Where it helps Companion legislation
Read the study note →- Calling
Work orientation where job is intrinsically meaningful; highest flourishing orientation (Wrzesniewski, 1997)
Where it helps Work orientations
Read the study note →- CEDAW
UN Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women — basis of Vishaka
Where it helps International law
Read the study note →- Chargesheet
Final police report after investigation; filed before Magistrate
Read the study note →- Charismatic Authority
Weber's (1922) concept: authority based on extraordinary personal qualities
Where it helps Weber's three types
Read the study note →- Child Pornography (CSAM)
Visual depiction of child in sexual act (Section 2(da))
Read the study note →- Child
Any person below 18 years — gender-neutral
Read the study note →- Childless SC
SC without children; relatives obligated to maintain
Read the study note →- Childless
Having no children; relatives then become obligated to maintain
Read the study note →- Children
Adult son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter — Section 2(a)
Read the study note →- Chunking
Organising information into meaningful clusters to expand STM capacity
Read the study note →- Cluster Chain
Most common grapevine pattern: key people selectively share with chosen others
Read the study note →- Cognisable Offence
Police can arrest without warrant — breach of protection order (Section 31)
Read the study note →- Cognitive Crafting
Changing perception of job — seeing it as a calling rather than just tasks
Where it helps Job crafting type
Read the study note →- Collector
Supreme district revenue authority; adjudicates appeals from Tehsildar
Read the study note →- Committal
Transfer of case by Magistrate to Sessions Court for serious offences
Read the study note →- Communication
Process of establishing shared meaning between sender and receiver
Read the study note →- Community service (S.4/23)
New punishment for petty offences; unpaid community work
Where it helps New punishment type
Read the study note →- Community service
Punishment alternative to jail for minor offences; also referenced in BNSS procedure
Read the study note →- Compensation Order
Damages for mental torture and emotional distress (Section 22)
Where it helps Psychological harm
Read the study note →- Conciliation
Settlement attempt before inquiry; at aggrieved woman's request; monetary alone insufficient
Read the study note →- Conclusive title
Proposed system where ROR entry is conclusive proof of title (vs current presumptive system)
Read the study note →- Confidentiality
Complaint, identity, findings — all confidential; ₹5,000 breach fine
Read the study note →- Congruence
Match between Holland personality type and work environment type; predicts satisfaction
Read the study note →- Consideration
Ohio State dimension: concern for followers' feelings and trust
Where it helps Behavioural theory
Read the study note →- Contingent Reward
Transactional component: clarifying expectations and rewarding achievement
Where it helps Transactional theory
Read the study note →- Counselling
Directive by Magistrate for either/both parties — optional, not forced (Section 14)
Read the study note →- Criminal conspiracy (S.61)
Agreement of 2+ persons to do illegal act; IPC S.120B equivalent
Read the study note →- CrPC
Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 — replaced by BNSS; 484 sections
Where it helps Historical context
Read the study note →- Crystallised Intelligence (Gc)
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age (Cattell)
Where it helps Intelligence types
Read the study note →- Culpable Homicide (S.105)
Less culpable form of killing not amounting to murder
Where it helps IPC S.304 equivalent
Read the study note →- Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
Ability to function in culturally diverse settings (Earley & Ang, 2003)
Read the study note →- Custody Order
Interim custody of children to aggrieved person (Section 21)
Where it helps Child protection
Read the study note →- Dacoity (S.310)
Robbery by 5+ persons; RI up to 10 yrs + fine
Where it helps IPC S.391 equivalent
Read the study note →- Default
Failure to pay maintenance ordered — attracts warrant, imprisonment
Read the study note →- Delegating (S4)
Low task, low relationship; for R4 (high competence, high commitment) followers
Where it helps Situational leadership
Read the study note →- Deliberate Practice
Ericsson (1993): focused practice with feedback; enables elite performance and flourishing
Read the study note →- Demarcation
Field survey to establish khasra boundaries; Tehsildar authority
Where it helps Boundary dispute
Read the study note →- DILRMP
Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme; digitises Jamabandi
Read the study note →- Distributed Leadership
Spillane (2006): leadership shared across multiple individuals and levels
Where it helps Flat organisations
Read the study note →- Divergent Thinking
Guilford's concept — generating multiple solutions; basis of creativity
Read the study note →- Domestic Incident Report
Report filed by PO to Magistrate documenting domestic violence
Read the study note →- Domestic Relationship
Relationship by blood, marriage, adoption, or live-in — Section 2(f)
Read the study note →- Domestic Violence
Physical, sexual, verbal/emotional, economic abuse — Section 3
Read the study note →- Domestic Worker
Household help — explicitly covered as aggrieved woman under Section 2(a)
Read the study note →- Dowry death (S.80)
Death within 7 yrs of marriage due to dowry demand; RI 7 yrs to life
Where it helps IPC S.304B equivalent
Read the study note →- E-FIR
Electronically filed FIR; legally equivalent to physical FIR
Read the study note →- Economic Abuse
Withholding money, property, stridhan; forcing out of house
Read the study note →- Ejectment
Formal removal of tenant from land by Revenue Court order
Where it helps Tenancy protection
Read the study note →- Emotional Intelligence (EI/EQ)
Ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990)
Read the study note →- Empathy
Goleman's 4th EI component — understanding and sharing others' feelings
Where it helps EI; Social skills
Read the study note →- eMutation
Online mutation application system; reduces processing to 30 days
Read the study note →- Encroachment
Unauthorised occupation of government/common land; Tehsildar removes [S.91]
Read the study note →- Entropy
Shannon's concept: measure of uncertainty or randomness in a message
Where it helps Information theory
Read the study note →- Ethos
Aristotle: credibility and character of the communicator
Where it helps Rhetorical model
Read the study note →- Eudaimonia
Aristotelian concept: flourishing through virtue and realising human potential
Where it helps Foundational term
Read the study note →- Ex Parte Order
Interim order without hearing the respondent — grave danger (Section 23)
Read the study note →- External Member
Mandatory NGO representative in ICC — ensures independence
Read the study note →- Factor Analysis
Statistical method to identify underlying intelligence factors (Spearman)
Read the study note →- False Complaint
Intentional false report — 6 months; minor cannot be punished
Read the study note →- Fast Track Special Court
FTSC — dedicated POCSO court with centralised funding; expedited trial
Read the study note →- Feedback
Receiver's response that completes the communication loop; added by Schramm
Where it helps Two-way communication
Read the study note →- Field of Experience
Schramm: Each person's unique knowledge/culture filter through which messages are interpreted
Read the study note →- Filtering
Deliberate manipulation of information before forwarding up hierarchy
Where it helps Organisational barrier
Read the study note →- FIR
First Information Report — first step in registering a cognisable offence
Read the study note →- Flourishing
Optimal human functioning combining engagement, meaning, virtue, and wellbeing (Seligman)
Read the study note →- Flow
Complete absorption when skills match challenge (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990); E in PERMA
Read the study note →- Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
Ability to reason with novel problems; peaks in early adulthood (Cattell)
Where it helps Intelligence types
Read the study note →- Follower Readiness
Hersey-Blanchard concept: competence + commitment combination
Where it helps Situational theory
Read the study note →- Forensic investigation
Scientific examination of crime scene; mandatory for 7+ yr offences (S.176)
Read the study note →- Four Horsemen
Gottman (1994): Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling
Where it helps Destructive communication
Read the study note →- Full Range Leadership
Bass & Avolio (1994): spectrum from laissez-faire to transformational
Where it helps Best practice model
Read the study note →- Gang rape of minor (S.70)
Gang rape of woman under 18; death or RI for life
Where it helps New enhanced punishment
Read the study note →- Gender-Neutral
Act protects boys, girls, transgender children equally as victims
Read the study note →- Ghair Khatedar
Tenant without permanent or hereditary right [S.5(10)]
Read the study note →- Girdawar/Kanungo
Revenue Inspector; supervises 10-15 Patwaris
Read the study note →- Grapevine
Informal organisational communication; 75–95% accurate (Keith Davis, 1953)
Where it helps Informal communication
Read the study note →- Hedonic Wellbeing
Wellbeing based on pleasure and absence of pain; subjective happiness
Where it helps Contrast to eudaimonic
Read the study note →- High-Quality Connection (HQC)
Dutton (2003): brief positive interactions that energise both parties
Read the study note →- Hit-and-run (S.106(2))
Negligent driving causing death + fleeing; RI up to 10 yrs
Where it helps New specific provision
Read the study note →- Holland Code
3-letter code representing a person's dominant, secondary, and tertiary RIASEC types
Where it helps Vocational assessment
Read the study note →- Hostile Work Environment
Environment created by SH that intimidates, offends, or humiliates
Read the study note →- ICC
Employer-constituted committee; ≥10 employees; senior woman presides
Read the study note →- In-Camera Trial
Trial held with public excluded — preserves child's dignity (Section 37)
Where it helps Child protection
Read the study note →- In-Camera
Proceedings from which public is excluded — protects victim identity
Read the study note →- Individual Consideration
Bass's 4th I: treating each follower as unique; mentoring and coaching
Where it helps Transformational 4 Is
Read the study note →- Initiating Structure
Ohio State dimension: organising work, assigning tasks, setting standards
Where it helps Behavioural theory
Read the study note →- Insanity (S.22)
Not responsible if unsound mind at time of act; M'Naghten Rules
Read the study note →- Intellectual Stimulation
Bass's 3rd I: challenging followers to question assumptions; encouraging innovation
Where it helps Transformational 4 Is
Read the study note →- Intelligence
Global capacity to act purposefully and think rationally (Wechsler, 1944)
Read the study note →- Interim Maintenance
Monthly allowance during pending proceedings (Section 15)
Where it helps Procedural relief
Read the study note →- Interim Relief
Transfer, leave, supervision restriction during inquiry (Section 12)
Read the study note →- Intrinsic Motivation
Engaging in activity for inherent satisfaction, not external reward; sustains flourishing
Read the study note →- IPC (Indian Penal Code)
Colonial criminal code (1860–2024); 511 sections
Where it helps Historical context
Read the study note →- IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
MA/CA × 100; measure of cognitive intelligence (Terman, 1916)
Where it helps Cognitive IQ formula
Read the study note →- Jagir
Feudal land grant by ruler to nobles; abolished 1952
Read the study note →- Jamabandi
Consolidated Record of Rights (ROR) prepared every 5 years
Where it helps Primary document
Read the study note →- JMFC
Judicial Magistrate First Class — has jurisdiction under PWDVA
Read the study note →- Job Crafting
Proactive reshaping of job tasks, relationships, and perceptions (Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001)
Where it helps Active flourishing
Read the study note →- Khalsa
Land under direct State ownership
Read the study note →- Khasra
Field register: survey-wise crop, area, tenure details
Read the study note →- Khata
Land account in village records maintained by Patwari
Read the study note →- Khatedar
Tenant with permanent, hereditary, transferable right of occupancy [S.5(18)]
Read the study note →- Khatuni
Cultivator-wise consolidated account of all land held by one person
Read the study note →- Kinesics
Study of body movement, postures, and gestures in communication
Where it helps Non-verbal types
Read the study note →- Laissez-faire
Bass: least effective style; leader avoids responsibility and decisions
Where it helps Full Range Leadership
Read the study note →- Land Revenue
State's annual tax on agricultural land based on classification and area
Read the study note →- LCC
District Officer-constituted; <10 employees; handles unorganised sector
Read the study note →- Leadership
Process of influencing groups toward goal achievement (Stogdill, 1950)
Read the study note →- Legal Heir
Person entitled to inherit property under personal law or succession law
Where it helps Relative definition
Read the study note →- Libnus v. State of Goa
SC held no skin-to-skin contact needed for sexual assault — overruled Bombay HC
Where it helps Landmark SC case
Read the study note →- Live-in Relationship
Unmarried cohabitation — protected under "nature of marriage" clause
Read the study note →- Logos
Aristotle: logical argument and evidence
Where it helps Rhetorical model
Read the study note →- Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Unlimited capacity memory store; semantic, episodic, procedural subtypes
Read the study note →- LPC Scale
Least Preferred Co-worker scale; measures relationship vs. task motivation (Fiedler)
Where it helps Contingency model
Read the study note →- Maintenance Tribunal
SDM-presided body for maintenance applications (Section 7)
Read the study note →- Maintenance
Food, clothing, residence, medical attendance — Section 2(c)
Where it helps Comprehensive definition
Read the study note →- Mal
Primary crop revenue from land; distinct from Sayar
Read the study note →- Malicious Complaint
Intentionally false complaint — warrants action; ≠ unproven complaint
Read the study note →- Managerial Grid
Blake & Mouton (1964): 9×9 axes of concern for people and production
Read the study note →- Mandatory Reporting
All citizens must report known/suspected child sexual offence to police (Section 19)
Read the study note →- Maximum Maintenance
₹10,000/month central limit; states can increase
Read the study note →- Mehrabian's Rule
7% verbal, 38% vocal, 55% non-verbal in emotional communication (1971)
Where it helps Non-verbal importance
Read the study note →- Mental Age (MA)
Cognitive task level achievable regardless of chronological age
Where it helps IQ formula component
Read the study note →- Monetary Relief
Medical, maintenance, lost earnings, property damage (Section 20)
Read the study note →- Mukhyamantri Vriddhjan Samman Pension
Rajasthan BPL elderly pension scheme
Read the study note →- Multiple Intelligences
Gardner's (1983) theory of 9 distinct intelligences beyond IQ
Read the study note →- Murder (S.103)
Culpable homicide amounting to murder; death or RI for life
Where it helps IPC S.302 equivalent
Read the study note →- Mutation
Formal change in Record of Rights on transfer/death
Read the study note →- MWPSC Act
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007
Read the study note →- Nazul Land
Government land within urban limits; not khatedari
Read the study note →- NCPCR
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights — POCSO implementation
Where it helps Implementation body
Read the study note →- Nishkama Karma
Bhagavad Gita: action without attachment to results; parallel to intrinsic motivation
Where it helps Indian tradition
Read the study note →- Noise
Any interference that distorts a message at any stage of communication
Read the study note →- Non-bailable Offence
Bail not a right; court's discretion — DV breach is non-bailable
Read the study note →- Non-cognisable offence
Warrant needed for arrest; Magistrate's order for investigation
Read the study note →- Non-Violent Communication
Rosenberg (2003): Observations-Feelings-Needs-Requests framework
Where it helps Constructive alternative
Read the study note →- Old Age Home
Govt-mandated facility per district; min 150 persons (Section 19)
Read the study note →- Organised crime (S.111)
Syndicate (2+ persons) using force for gain; death if results in death
Where it helps Entirely new in BNS
Read the study note →- Ossification Test
Medical test to determine approximate age of child when documents unavailable
Where it helps Age determination
Read the study note →- Panchnama
Official record of scene of crime/seizure witnessed by panchas (witnesses)
Where it helps Evidence document
Read the study note →- Paralanguage
Vocal cues beyond words: tone, pitch, speed, pauses
Where it helps Non-verbal communication
Read the study note →- Parent
Father/mother — biological, adoptive, or step (Section 2(d))
Read the study note →- Pathos
Aristotle: emotional appeal in communication
Where it helps Rhetorical model
Read the study note →- Patwari
Village-level revenue functionary; maintains land records
Read the study note →- Penetrative Sexual Assault
Penetration of penis/object/body part with sexual intent (Section 3)
Read the study note →- PERMA
Seligman's (2011) 5 flourishing elements: Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment
Read the study note →- Person-Job Fit (PJ)
Match between individual's abilities/values and specific job demands/rewards
Read the study note →- Person-Organisation Fit (PO)
Match between individual values/personality and organisational culture
Read the study note →- Petty organised crime (S.112)
Organised chain snatching, mobile theft, pickpocketing; RI up to 7 yrs
Read the study note →- Physical Abuse
Any act causing bodily pain, harm, injury
Read the study note →- Plea bargaining
Negotiated settlement — reduced charge for guilty plea; for offences up to 7 years
Read the study note →- POCSO e-Box
Online portal for reporting child sexual offences (NCPCR)
Where it helps Digital governance
Read the study note →- POCSO
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012
Read the study note →- POS
Positive Organisational Scholarship; Cameron, Dutton & Quinn (2003); studies virtuous organisations
Where it helps Organisational flourishing
Read the study note →- POSH Act
Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal of Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act 2013
Read the study note →- Positive Psychology
Scientific study of strengths, virtues, and optimal functioning (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000)
Read the study note →- Prajña
Vedic concept of intuitive wisdom; knowing beyond sensory experience
Where it helps Indian tradition
Read the study note →- Presiding Officer
Senior woman employee nominated to head ICC (not elected)
Read the study note →- Private defence (S.34–44)
Right to protect body/property; extends to causing death in extreme cases
Read the study note →- Proclaimed offender
Person declared absconding by court; enables absentia trial
Read the study note →- Protection Officer
State-appointed officer — central implementation figure (Section 8)
Read the study note →- Protection Order
Magistrate's order prohibiting respondent from committing DV (Section 18)
Read the study note →- Proxemics
Edward Hall (1966): study of personal space in communication; 4 zones
Where it helps Non-verbal / cultural
Read the study note →- Psychological Barrier
Internal mental obstacles: selective perception, prejudice, emotional state
Where it helps Barriers classification
Read the study note →- Quid Pro Quo
"This for that" — implied promise of reward/threat for sexual favour
Read the study note →- Raiyat
Cultivating tenant in pre-integration Rajasthan land system
Read the study note →- Rape (S.63/64)
Non-consensual sexual intercourse; RI 10 yrs to life
Read the study note →- Record of Rights
Official document establishing tenancy; basis of all legal claims
Read the study note →- Recovery certificate
Tehsildar-issued document enabling recovery of land revenue arrears as public dues
Read the study note →- Relative
Legal heir who would inherit SC's property; not a child — Section 2(g)
Read the study note →- Remand
Custody of accused person during investigation/trial
Read the study note →- Residence Order
Secures woman's right in shared household; may evict respondent (Section 19)
Read the study note →- Respondent
Adult male in domestic relationship with aggrieved person — Section 2(q)
Read the study note →- Reverse Burden
Court presumes guilt; accused proves innocence (Section 29)
Read the study note →- RIASEC/RAISEC
Holland's 6 personality/environment types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
Where it helps Key model — expected Q
Read the study note →- Rioting (S.191)
Unlawful assembly using force; RI up to 2 years
Read the study note →- Robbery (S.309)
Theft/extortion with force; RI up to 10 yrs
Where it helps IPC S.390/392 equivalent
Read the study note →- Routinisation of Charisma
Weber: charismatic movement stabilising through rules and succession
Where it helps Charismatic leadership
Read the study note →- Sagri
Intergenerational bonded labour obligation; abolished S.177
Read the study note →- Sayar
Non-crop income from trees, fisheries, water appurtenant to land
Read the study note →- Section 125 CrPC/BNSS
Maintenance provision in criminal law — parallel remedy to MWPSC
Read the study note →- Section 23 Void Transfer
Gift/transfer with maintenance condition void if condition breached
Read the study note →- Section 26 Penalty
₹50,000 (first); ₹1,00,000 + licence cancellation (repeat non-compliance)
Read the study note →- Sedition (IPC S.124A)
Exciting disaffection against government; REPEALED in BNS
Read the study note →- Self-Awareness
Goleman's 1st EI component — knowing one's own emotions and their effects
Read the study note →- Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
Deci & Ryan (1985): Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness as universal psychological needs
Where it helps Motivation theory
Read the study note →- Semantic Barrier
Communication breakdown due to language differences, jargon, or ambiguity
Where it helps Barriers classification
Read the study note →- Senior Citizen
Indian citizen aged 60 years or above — Section 2(h)
Read the study note →- Sensory Memory
Very brief storage of all sensory inputs; < 1 second
Read the study note →- Servant Leadership
Followers' needs first; Greenleaf (1970); 10 characteristics
Where it helps Public admin relevance
Read the study note →- Service Provider
Registered NGO providing medical, legal, financial help (Section 10)
Read the study note →- Service Rules
Employer's conduct rules — must include SH as misconduct (Section 19)
Read the study note →- Sessions Court
Appellate court for PWDVA orders under Section 29 — 30-day limit
Read the study note →- Sessions trial
Trial for serious offences (7+ yrs) before Sessions Judge
Read the study note →- Settlement
Revenue assessment operation; fixes land revenue for 30–40 year period
Read the study note →- Sexual Abuse
Forced sexual intercourse or humiliating sexual conduct
Read the study note →- Sexual Assault
Non-penetrative physical contact with sexual intent (Section 7)
Read the study note →- Sexual Harassment
Unwelcome sexual act/behaviour — 5 forms listed in Section 2(n)
Read the study note →- Sexual Intent
Underlying mental element required for sexual offences under POCSO
Read the study note →- Shamilat
Common village land used collectively
Read the study note →- Shannon-Weaver Model
1949 linear model: Source→Transmitter→Channel→Receiver→Destination + Noise
Where it helps Expected theory Q
Read the study note →- Shared Household
Where aggrieved person lived in domestic relationship — regardless of title
Read the study note →- SHe-Box
Online portal for women government employees to file SH complaints
Where it helps Digital governance
Read the study note →- Shelter Home
Emergency accommodation provided by govt/registered org (Section 6)
Read the study note →- Short-Term Memory (STM)
Working memory; 7±2 items; 15–30 seconds without rehearsal
Read the study note →- Signature Strengths
Top 3–7 VIA strengths that feel most natural and energising
Where it helps Application of VIA
Read the study note →- Situational Favourableness
Fiedler's three factors: leader-member relations, task structure, position power
Where it helps Contingency theory
Read the study note →- SJPU
Special Juvenile Police Unit — receives POCSO reports
Where it helps Reporting mechanism
Read the study note →- Social Intelligence (SI)
Ability to understand and manage people in social situations (Thorndike, 1920)
Read the study note →- SPACE Model
Albrecht's SI framework: Situational awareness, Presence, Authenticity, Clarity, Empathy
Read the study note →- Spearman's g
General intelligence factor common to all mental tasks (1904)
Where it helps Two-factor theory
Read the study note →- Special Court
Court designated by State for POCSO trials (Section 28)
Read the study note →- Spiritual Intelligence (SQ)
Capacity to solve problems of meaning and value (Zohar & Marshall, 2000)
Read the study note →- Stalking (S.78)
Following/contacting woman despite disinterest; 1st offence 3 yrs; repeat 5 yrs
Where it helps IPC S.354D equivalent
Read the study note →- Stewardship
Greenleaf's principle: holding role in trust for others and for society
Where it helps Servant leadership
Read the study note →- Stonewalling
Gottman: withdrawing from communication; silent treatment; emotional shutdown
Where it helps Destructive pattern
Read the study note →- Stridhan
Gifts/property given to woman at/after marriage — her exclusive property
Read the study note →- Sub-Divisional Magistrate
SDM — presides Maintenance Tribunal at sub-division level
Read the study note →- Sub-tenant
Person holding land from a tenant [S.5(26)]
Read the study note →- Summons trial
Simplified trial for minor offences (up to 2 yrs); no elaborate evidence
Read the study note →- Suo Motu
Tribunal can take cognisance on its own without formal application
Read the study note →- Support Person
Allowed to accompany parties in ICC inquiry — lawyers not allowed
Where it helps Inquiry procedure
Read the study note →- Task Crafting
Changing type, scope, or number of job tasks to better fit strengths
Where it helps Job crafting type
Read the study note →- Team Management (9,9)
Blake & Mouton's ideal leadership style: high concern for both people and production
Read the study note →- Tehsildar
Revenue Court at Tehsil level; first adjudicator of tenancy disputes
Read the study note →- Telling (S1)
High task, low relationship; for R1 (low competence, low commitment) followers
Where it helps Situational leadership
Read the study note →- Terrorism (S.113)
Act threatening sovereignty/unity/integrity; death or RI for life
Where it helps New in criminal code
Read the study note →- Trace Decay
Forgetting due to fading of memory trace over time (Ebbinghaus, 1885)
Read the study note →- Trait Theory
Leaders born with innate qualities; intelligence, dominance, drive
Where it helps Early leadership theory
Read the study note →- Transactional Leadership
Exchange-based; rewards compliance; operates within existing rules
Read the study note →- Transformational Leadership
Vision-driven; raises followers to higher motivational levels (Burns, 1978)
Read the study note →- Trial in absentia
Trial proceeding when accused deliberately absconds; valid after 90 days (S.356)
Read the study note →- Trusteeship
Gandhi's principle: powerful individuals hold authority in trust for society
Where it helps Indian servant leadership
Read the study note →- UN CRC
UN Convention on the Rights of Child — ratified by India 1992; basis of POCSO
Where it helps International law
Read the study note →- Undertrial
Person in custody awaiting trial; ~75% of Indian prison population
Read the study note →- Unlawful assembly (S.189)
5+ persons to overawe State; IPC S.141 equivalent
Read the study note →- Usufructuary mortgage
Mortgagee takes possession + profits; auto-redeemable in 20 yrs
Read the study note →- VIA Classification
Seligman & Peterson (2004): 24 character strengths under 6 virtues
Where it helps Key classification
Read the study note →- Victim compensation
Compensation by accused to victim; court can order (S.395)
Read the study note →- Video-conferencing
Remote trial participation; evidence via video link (S.530)
Where it helps Digital provision
Read the study note →- Vishaka Guidelines
SC directions in Vishaka case (1997) — binding till POSH Act 2013
Where it helps Historical context
Read the study note →- Viveka
Discriminative wisdom in Hindu philosophy; distinguishing real from unreal
Where it helps Indian tradition
Read the study note →- Wheel Network
Communication network where all messages flow through a central hub; fastest
Where it helps Network structures
Read the study note →- Witness protection
Protection of witnesses in sensitive cases; SC Mahendra Chawla 2018 scheme
Read the study note →- Workplace
Any place visited during employment — including off-site, domestic household
Read the study note →- Zero FIR
FIR registered regardless of jurisdiction; transferred to correct station within 15 days
Read the study note →- 20-Year Rule
Historical info in categories a, c, i loses exemption
Read the study note →- 30-Day Limit
Normal response time for PIO
Read the study note →- 48-Hour Limit
Response time for life/liberty information
Read the study note →- Adjudicating Officer
Officer deciding civil IT Act disputes/compensation
Read the study note →- APIO
Assistant PIO at sub-divisional level
Read the study note →- Berne Convention
International copyright treaty (1886)
Read the study note →- Big Five (OCEAN)
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Read the study note →- BPL Exemption
Below poverty line applicants exempt from fees
Read the study note →- Burnout
Chronic work syndrome: exhaustion, cynicism, inefficacy
Read the study note →- CERT-In
Computer Emergency Response Team-India
Read the study note →- Challenge
Viewing change as growth opportunity (hardiness component)
Read the study note →- Child Pornography
Sexually explicit material involving minors
Read the study note →- CIC
Central Information Commission
Read the study note →- CIC (Chief)
Chief Information Commissioner — head of CIC
Read the study note →- Cognitive Appraisal
Evaluating threat and coping capacity; determines stress
Where it helps Lazarus & Folkman, 1984
Read the study note →- Commitment
Finding meaning and purpose in work (hardiness component)
Read the study note →- Compulsory Licensing
Govt-authorised production of patented product without consent
Read the study note →- Computer
Electronic high-speed data processing device
Read the study note →- Computer Network
Interconnected computers via communication media
Read the study note →- Computer System
Device collection with programs capable of data operations
Read the study note →- Conscientiousness
Organized, disciplined trait; protective against burnout
Read the study note →- Control
Belief in influencing outcomes (hardiness component)
Read the study note →- Copyright
Protection of original expression of ideas
Where it helps Copyright Act 1957
Read the study note →- Cyber Appellate Tribunal
Quasi-judicial body for IT Act appeals
Read the study note →- Cyber Crime
Crime involving computers/networks as tool or target
Read the study note →- Cyber Terrorism
Cyber attack threatening national security with terror intent
Read the study note →- Data
Formalised representation of information/knowledge
Read the study note →- Deemed Refusal
No response within time limit = refusal by operation of law
Read the study note →- Depersonalisation
Cynical, detached attitude toward work recipients
Read the study note →- Digital Signature
Electronic authentication of record by subscriber
Read the study note →- Distress
Harmful, chronic stress overwhelming coping
Read the study note →- Double Burden
Women's combined paid work + unpaid domestic/care labour
Read the study note →- Electronic Record
Data generated, stored, received in electronic form
Read the study note →- Emotion-focused Coping
Coping regulating emotional response to stressor
Where it helps Lazarus & Folkman
Read the study note →- Emotional Exhaustion
Core burnout dimension; feeling emotionally drained
Read the study note →- Eustress
Positive, motivating stress
Read the study note →- Evergreening
Filing new patents for minor drug modifications to extend monopoly
Read the study note →- Exemption
Information not required to be disclosed
Read the study note →- Fair Dealing
Acts not infringing copyright (research, criticism, education)
Read the study note →- First Appeal
Appeal to officer senior to PIO within 30 days
Read the study note →- GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome (Alarm-Resistance-Exhaustion)
Read the study note →- Geographical Indication
Product's link to specific geographical origin
Read the study note →- Hacking
Dishonest/fraudulent computer-related offences (Sec. 43)
Read the study note →- Hardiness
Stress-buffering: Commitment + Control + Challenge
Read the study note →- IC
Information Commissioner — member of CIC/SIC
Read the study note →- Identity Theft
Fraudulent use of another's electronic credentials
Read the study note →- Impersonation
Cheating by pretending to be another person digitally
Read the study note →- Industrial Applicability
Must be usable in industry — third patentability condition
Read the study note →- Industrial Design
Protection of aesthetic/ornamental product features
Where it helps Designs Act 2000
Read the study note →- Information
Any material in any form held by public authority
Read the study note →- Intellectual Property
Creations of the mind with legal protection
Read the study note →- Intermediary
ISP, social media platform, search engine
Read the study note →- Inventive Step
Non-obvious advance — second condition of patentability
Read the study note →- IPR
Legal rights over intellectual creations
Read the study note →- IT Act 2000
Information Technology Act 2000; India's cyber law
Read the study note →- Locus of Control
Internal vs external attribution of outcomes
Read the study note →- Madrid Protocol
International trademark registration system
Read the study note →- MBI
Standard 22-item burnout measurement scale
Read the study note →- Moral Rights
Author's right to claim authorship and object to distortion
Read the study note →- Neuroticism
Emotional instability; top predictor of stress susceptibility
Read the study note →- Novelty
Invention must be new — first condition of patentability
Read the study note →- Obscenity
Material that tends to deprave or corrupt
Read the study note →- OSI
Indian occupational stress measure (46 items)
Where it helps Srivastava & Singh, 1981
Read the study note →- Paris Convention
International industrial property treaty (1883)
Read the study note →- Passing Off
Using another's brand to deceive consumers
Read the study note →- Patent
Exclusive right to exploit invention for 20 years
Where it helps Patents Act 1970
Read the study note →- PCT
Patent Cooperation Treaty — single international patent filing
Read the study note →- Penalty
₹250/day, max ₹25,000 for PIO violations
Read the study note →- PIO
Public Information Officer designated by public authority
Read the study note →- Private Area
Genitals, pubic area, buttocks, female breast
Read the study note →- Problem-focused Coping
Coping targeting the stressor source directly
Where it helps Lazarus & Folkman
Read the study note →- Protected System
Critical infrastructure computer declared by Central Govt
Read the study note →- Public Authority
Government-established or government-funded body
Read the study note →- Public Domain
Works no longer protected by IP; freely usable
Read the study note →- Public Interest Override
Exempt info may be disclosed if public interest demands
Read the study note →- Record
Document, file, microfilm, computer-produced material
Read the study note →- Registered Mark ®
Trademark registered under Trade Marks Act
Read the study note →- Right to Information
Inspect, copy, take samples, obtain electronic data
Read the study note →- RTI Act
Right to Information Act 2005
Read the study note →- Safe Harbour
Intermediary immunity if due diligence observed
Read the study note →- Second Appeal
Appeal to CIC/SIC within 90 days
Read the study note →- Section 3(d)
Bars patents on new drug forms without enhanced efficacy
Read the study note →- Section 69
Government power to intercept/monitor communications
Read the study note →- Severability
Non-exempt portions of exempt document must be given
Read the study note →- Shreya Singhal
2015 SC case striking down Section 66A
Read the study note →- SIC
State Information Commission
Read the study note →- Source Code Tampering
Concealing/destroying/altering computer source code
Read the study note →- Stress
Non-specific response of body to any demand
Read the study note →- Stressor
Stimulus or event that triggers stress response
Read the study note →- Suo Motu
Proactive disclosure without RTI application
Read the study note →- Tend-and-Befriend
Women's oxytocin-mediated social stress response
Where it helps Taylor et al., 2000
Read the study note →- Third Party
Any person other than the RTI applicant
Read the study note →- Third-Party Consultation
PIO must consult third party before disclosing their info
Read the study note →- Trade Secret
Confidential business info providing competitive edge
Where it helps No standalone act
Read the study note →- Trademark
Sign identifying commercial source of goods/services
Where it helps Trade Marks Act 1999
Read the study note →- TRIPS
WTO's minimum IPR standards agreement (1994)
Read the study note →- Type A Personality
Time-urgent, competitive, hostile behavioral pattern
Where it helps Friedman & Rosenman, 1959
Read the study note →- Type B Personality
Relaxed, patient, low-competition behavioral pattern
Where it helps Friedman & Rosenman, 1959
Read the study note →- Violation of Privacy
Capturing/sharing private area images without consent
Read the study note →- WIPO
UN specialised agency for global IP protection (Geneva)
Read the study note →