RSSB LDC
289 key terms for this subject — each defined in plain language, with where it helps in the exam and a link to the study note it comes from.
- AA similarity
A similarity criterion in which two corresponding angles of one triangle equal two corresponding angles of another triangle.
Where it helps High - most common similarity test
Read the study note →- Active voice
A sentence pattern in which the grammatical subject performs the action of the verb. It usually gives direct emphasis to the doer, as in The clerk typed the letter.
Where it helps High - basic identification and active-to-passive conversion.
Read the study note →- Acute angle
An acute angle is an angle greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees. In this topic, the six trigonometric ratios are normally studied for acute angles inside a right triangle.
Where it helps High — defines the syllabus boundary for ratio questions.
Read the study note →- Adjacent angles
Two angles with a common vertex, a common arm and non-overlapping interiors. They sit next to each other, but they need not be equal.
Where it helps High - basic angle-at-a-point vocabulary
Read the study note →- Administrative vocabulary
Formal office-related Hindi words such as आवेदन, सत्यापन, पंजीकरण, अधिसूचना, नियुक्ति and अनुशंसा.
Where it helps High - relevant to LDC-style language and clerical contexts.
Read the study note →- Agent
The doer of the action in a passive sentence, usually introduced by by. In The file was checked by the officer, the officer is the agent.
Where it helps High - tested through by-phrase use and passive-to-active conversion.
Read the study note →- Agreement
Agreement is the grammatical matching of noun or pronoun features with adjectives and verbs. Most objective correction questions in this topic are solved by checking agreement systematically.
Where it helps High - central correction skill
Read the study note →- Allowance
An additional admissible payment besides salary, such as travel, house rent, or dearness allowance.
Where it helps High - close to salary
Read the study note →- Angle of depression
The angle of depression is the angle made when the line of sight goes downward from a horizontal line to an object below the observer.
Where it helps Medium — appears in building, lighthouse, and observer-above-object setups.
Read the study note →- Angle of elevation
The angle of elevation is the angle made when the line of sight goes upward from a horizontal line to an object above the observer.
Where it helps High — central to single-observer height problems.
Read the study note →- Angle sum around a point
The complete turn around a point measures 360 degrees, so all angles meeting around that point add to 360 degrees.
Where it helps High - direct syllabus item
Read the study note →- Answer zone
The small part of the passage where evidence for a question is likely to be found.
Where it helps Medium — improves speed and reduces unnecessary rereading.
Read the study note →- Antonym
A word with the opposite or nearly opposite meaning of another word. Correct antonyms depend on the specific sense in which the target word is used.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the General English syllabus.
Read the study note →- Anunasika
A nasalized vowel sound commonly marked by chandrabindu in words where the vowel itself is nasalized. Confusing it with other nasal marks can cause spelling errors.
Where it helps Medium — appears in fine spelling distinctions.
Read the study note →- Anusvara
The dot nasal marker used in many standard Devanagari spellings; its omission or wrong placement can create an incorrect word form.
Where it helps High — useful for word-correction diagnosis.
Read the study note →- Appointment
The formal act of appointing a person to a post or service.
Where it helps High - service term
Read the study note →- Approval
Acceptance of a proposal, draft, recommendation, or action by the appropriate authority.
Where it helps High - close to sanction and permission
Read the study note →- Approximation
A near value used when the number is not a perfect square or perfect cube. It must not be reported as an exact root without verification.
Where it helps Medium - prevents overclaiming in root questions
Read the study note →- Area ratio
For similar triangles, the ratio of areas equals the square of the ratio of corresponding sides.
Where it helps High - common similarity application trap
Read the study note →- Argument of a logarithm
The argument is the number inside the logarithm whose log is being taken. In real-number logarithms, the argument must be positive.
Where it helps High - essential for checking log equations.
Read the study note →- Article
A determiner used before a noun to show indefinite, definite or zero-reference patterns. English articles are a, an and the, with zero article used when no article is required.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the Paper II General English syllabus.
Read the study note →- Aspect
The way a verb presents an action, such as simple, continuous, perfect or perfect continuous. Aspect shows habit, progress, completion or duration.
Where it helps High - helps distinguish similar tense options.
Read the study note →- Aspect marker
An aspect marker shows whether the action is habitual, continuing or completed. Forms such as "ता", "रहा", "चुका" and perfective participles help identify Hindi sentence structure.
Where it helps High - essential for tense recognition
Read the study note →- Assertive sentence
A sentence that states a fact, opinion, condition or belief. It may be affirmative or negative, but its main purpose is to state.
Where it helps High - core form in transformation questions.
Read the study note →- Assistant
A supporting official or post assisting in office, establishment, accounts, or correspondence work.
Where it helps Medium - designation term
Read the study note →- Auxiliary verb
A helping verb such as is, was, has, will or must. In passive voice, the auxiliary carries tense, number, question form and negation.
Where it helps High - central to tense preservation and subject-verb agreement.
Read the study note →- Avyayibhav
A samas type in which the compound usually functions like an indeclinable or adverbial expression, often showing manner, sequence, extent, or time.
Where it helps High — one of the six required samas types.
Read the study note →- Axis-aligned segment
A segment parallel to one of the coordinate axes. If y-coordinates are equal it is horizontal; if x-coordinates are equal it is vertical.
Where it helps Medium - supports fast special-case distance calculation.
Read the study note →- Ayadi sandhi
A vowel sandhi in which ए, ऐ, ओ or औ before a vowel changes into अय, आय, अव or आव patterns.
Where it helps Medium - useful for close subtype questions and traditional example lists.
Read the study note →- Backshift
Backshift is the movement of the reported verb one step back in time when the reporting verb is past, such as am to was or have finished to had finished.
Where it helps High - frequent tense-conversion rule.
Read the study note →- Bahuvrihi
An externally referential compound that describes a third person or object possessing the quality expressed by the members.
Where it helps High — often tested through examples like "दशानन" or "नीलकंठ".
Read the study note →- Base conversion
Base conversion rewrites a logarithm in another base using log_a b = log_c b divided by log_c a, with valid bases and positive argument.
Where it helps Medium - useful for simplification and linked-log products.
Read the study note →- Base method
A shortcut method that compares a number with a convenient base such as 10, 100, 1000 or 10000 and uses the small excess or deficit for calculation.
Where it helps High - square and cube shortcut method
Read the study note →- Base of a logarithm
The base is the number repeatedly powered in a logarithm relation. For real logarithms in this syllabus, the base must be positive and not equal to 1.
Where it helps High - prevents invalid logarithm expressions.
Read the study note →- Base word
The core word to which a prefix or suffix is added. Identifying it helps judge meaning, spelling and grammatical form.
Where it helps Medium - supports prefix and suffix analysis.
Read the study note →- Best title
A compact heading that covers the whole passage and reflects its direction without becoming too narrow or too broad.
Where it helps High — frequently paired with main idea questions.
Read the study note →- Bill
A formal claim or document submitted for payment, reimbursement, salary, or other dues.
Where it helps High - finance term
Read the study note →- Branch
A functional branch or subdivision of an office dealing with a specific category of work.
Where it helps High - close pair with section
Read the study note →- Budget
An estimated statement of receipts and expenditure for a financial period or purpose.
Where it helps High - finance term
Read the study note →- By-phrase
The phrase beginning with by that names the agent in a passive sentence. It is included when the doer is important and omitted when unnecessary.
Where it helps Medium - tested in preserving or omitting the agent correctly.
Read the study note →- Cartesian coordinate system
A system for locating points on a plane using two perpendicular number lines. Each point is represented by an ordered pair showing horizontal and vertical positions from the origin.
Where it helps High - named directly in the syllabus and needed before all distance and section-formula work.
Read the study note →- Case marker
A postpositional marker such as ने, को, से, में, पर, का, के, or की that shows grammatical relation in a Hindi sentence.
Where it helps High — frequent source of vakya-shuddhi errors.
Read the study note →- Catalyst
A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the overall reaction.
Where it helps High - direct syllabus term
Read the study note →- Catalytic converter
A vehicle exhaust device using catalyst metals to convert harmful gases into less harmful products through chemical reactions.
Where it helps Medium - daily and environmental application
Read the study note →- Chairman
The head or presiding person of a board, committee, commission, meeting, or institution.
Where it helps High - authority term
Read the study note →- Chemical change
A change in which one or more new substances are formed with properties different from the original substances.
Where it helps High - core classification term
Read the study note →- Circular
An official communication circulated to many recipients at the same time for a common instruction, information, clarification or administrative direction.
Where it helps High - tested through audience, distribution and authority.
Read the study note →- Clerk
A clerical employee who handles records, correspondence, registers, files, and routine office processing.
Where it helps High - LDC role vocabulary
Read the study note →- Collocation
A natural word combination used by fluent speakers, such as commit a crime, pay attention or approve a proposal.
Where it helps Medium - helps choose between close vocabulary options.
Read the study note →- Committee
A formally constituted group assigned to examine, recommend, supervise, select, or decide a matter.
Where it helps High - close to recommendation
Read the study note →- Common factor
A common factor is the numerical or algebraic part shared by every term of an expression. Taking it out is usually the first step in algebraic factorisation.
Where it helps High - first check in most algebraic factorisation questions.
Read the study note →- Competent authority
The officer or body legally or administratively empowered to approve, issue, reject, cancel or decide a matter.
Where it helps Medium - standard official expression.
Read the study note →- Complementary angles
Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90 degrees. In trigonometry, they convert sine to cosine, tangent to cotangent, and secant to cosecant.
Where it helps Very high — directly supports complementary-angle pillar problems.
Read the study note →- Complete statement
A complete statement has its own subject-predicate sense and can stand independently. Proverbs generally have this form, unlike many idioms that need a larger sentence.
Where it helps Medium - useful for distinguishing lokokti from muhavara.
Read the study note →- Conditional clause
A subordinate clause expressing a condition, often beginning with if or unless. Its tense pattern changes for real future, unreal present and unreal past situations.
Where it helps High - common in sequence and tense-selection questions.
Read the study note →- Confusable word
A word that is often confused with another because of similar spelling, sound or form, such as accept and except.
Where it helps High - the syllabus separately includes confusable words and wrongly used words.
Read the study note →- Confusable words
Words that are easily mixed up because of similar sound, spelling or related meaning, such as principal/principle and affect/effect.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Congruent triangles
Triangles that have the same shape and the same size, with all corresponding sides and angles equal.
Where it helps High - central syllabus term
Read the study note →- Conjunction in narration
A narration conjunction links the reporting clause with the reported clause. That is used for statements, if or whether for yes-no questions, and wh-words for wh-questions.
Where it helps High - wrong connector is a common objective trap.
Read the study note →- Connective
A linking word or expression that joins clauses or ideas and signals relations such as contrast, cause, condition, sequence or result.
Where it helps High - directly named under correction of sentences.
Read the study note →- Connector
A word or phrase that shows relation between ideas, such as cause, result, contrast, condition or addition.
Where it helps High — grammar-in-context and inference questions often depend on connectors.
Read the study note →- Consonant sandhi
Sandhi in which the main change occurs in a consonant at the boundary, such as त् changing before a following sound.
Where it helps High - needed for words such as जगदीश, सज्जन and उच्चारण.
Read the study note →- Context clue
A word, phrase or sentence signal that helps infer meaning. Contrast words, examples, reasons and results often reveal the intended vocabulary sense.
Where it helps High - useful for unseen vocabulary and close options.
Read the study note →- Context selection
Context selection means choosing the idiom or proverb that best fits a given situation. The correct option must match both meaning and tone.
Where it helps High - a frequent objective pattern for General Hindi practice.
Read the study note →- Conventional meaning
Conventional meaning is the meaning accepted by usage over time. Idioms and proverbs depend on this accepted social meaning, not on newly invented interpretations.
Where it helps High - central to meaning-selection questions.
Read the study note →- Cosine
Cosine of an acute angle is the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse. It is written as cos theta and is complementary to sine.
Where it helps High — needed for standard values and identities.
Read the study note →- Count noun
A noun that can be counted as separate units and can normally have singular and plural forms, such as book, question, file and office.
Where it helps High - controls article and quantifier choice.
Read the study note →- CPCT
The rule that corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal. It is used after a valid congruence proof.
Where it helps High - common conclusion step
Read the study note →- Crystallisation
The process by which pure crystals of a solid separate from a solution, commonly by cooling or evaporating the solvent.
Where it helps High - frequent physical-change example
Read the study note →- Cube
The cube of a whole number is the product of the number with itself three times. It represents the third power and is written as n^3.
Where it helps High - direct syllabus term
Read the study note →- Cube root
A cube root of a number is a value whose cube gives that number. Perfect cubes have exact whole-number cube roots.
Where it helps High - direct syllabus term
Read the study note →- Deergha sandhi
A vowel sandhi in which similar vowels combine into a long same-family vowel, such as अ + अ becoming आ.
Where it helps High - one of the easiest and most frequent subtype-recognition rules.
Read the study note →- Deficit
The amount by which a number is less than the selected base. In near-base shortcuts it is treated as a negative correction.
Where it helps High - near-base calculation clue
Read the study note →- Definite article
The before a noun when the reference is specific, already known, unique, or identified by context or a following phrase.
Where it helps High - important for meaning-sensitive article questions.
Read the study note →- Degree of adjective
The positive, comparative and superlative forms of an adjective used to describe or compare qualities.
Where it helps High - explicitly named in the official correction syllabus.
Read the study note →- Demi-official letter
A semi-formal officer-to-officer letter written for official purpose but with personal address and courteous direct appeal for attention or action.
Where it helps High - often tested by tone and salutation difference.
Read the study note →- Demonstrative determiner
This, that, these or those used before a noun to point to a person, thing or group while also showing number.
Where it helps Medium - useful for number-agreement correction.
Read the study note →- Department
A larger administrative unit responsible for a defined area of government work or public service.
Where it helps High - unit identification
Read the study note →- Determiner
A word before a noun that identifies, limits, quantifies or distributes it, including articles, demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers, numbers and distributives.
Where it helps High - separately named with articles in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Difference of squares
Difference of squares is the identity a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b). It applies only when two square terms are separated by subtraction.
Where it helps High - quick identity for factorisation and simplification.
Read the study note →- Digit pairing
The square-root arrangement in which digits are grouped in pairs from the right side before estimating each part of the root.
Where it helps High - square-root extraction step
Read the study note →- Direct speech
Direct speech reports the exact words of a speaker and normally places those words inside quotation marks. It preserves the original tense, pronouns, punctuation and emotional form as spoken.
Where it helps High - basic identification and conversion start point.
Read the study note →- Director
An officer heading or supervising a directorate, institution, programme, or functional administrative wing.
Where it helps High - designation term
Read the study note →- Discriminant
The discriminant of ax^2 + bx + c = 0 is D = b^2 - 4ac. Its sign tells the nature of roots at exam level.
Where it helps High - quick test for nature of quadratic roots.
Read the study note →- Dispatch
The official sending out of an approved communication, usually after entry and numbering.
Where it helps High - office process term
Read the study note →- Distance formula
The formula sqrt((x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2), used to find the straight-line distance between two points in a coordinate plane.
Where it helps High - explicitly included in the topic scope.
Read the study note →- Distribution list
The list of offices, branches or persons to whom a circular or copy of a communication is sent.
Where it helps Medium - helps identify circulars.
Read the study note →- Distributive determiner
A determiner such as each, every, either or neither that refers to members of a group separately or to alternatives in a pair.
Where it helps High - tested through each/every and either/neither traps.
Read the study note →- Double object verb
A verb that can take two objects, such as give, send, teach, tell or show. It may allow two passive forms depending on which object is promoted.
Where it helps Medium - important for advanced conversion options.
Read the study note →- Draft
The proposed text of an official letter, order, notice, or communication before approval and issue.
Where it helps High - tested against note
Read the study note →- Dvandva
A coordinate compound in which the members are equally important and the expansion commonly uses a connector like "और".
Where it helps High — direct samas-type recognition item.
Read the study note →- Dvigu
A compound with a numeral as an important member, generally denoting a counted group, collection, or measure.
Where it helps High — required type and common trap when a number appears.
Read the study note →- Earnest money deposit
A deposit submitted with a tender bid to show seriousness and protect the authority from frivolous bidding.
Where it helps High - common tender element in objective recognition.
Read the study note →- Elimination
The exam method of rejecting options that are contradicted, unsupported, extreme, too narrow or only partly correct.
Where it helps High — essential because the paper is objective and has negative marking.
Read the study note →- Elimination method
The elimination method solves simultaneous equations by adding or subtracting equations after matching coefficients so that one variable disappears.
Where it helps High - fast method for two-variable linear equations.
Read the study note →- Enclosure
A document attached with a letter or office communication, usually indicated by Encl. or Enclosures at the end.
Where it helps Medium - standard official-expression recognition.
Read the study note →- Enzyme
A biological catalyst produced by living organisms that speeds up biochemical reactions such as digestion.
Where it helps High - catalyst example
Read the study note →- Equation
An equation is a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal. Solving an equation means finding the value or values that make the statement true.
Where it helps High - basic language for all linear and quadratic questions.
Read the study note →- Everyday synonym
A synonym natural in ordinary use, such as पानी for जल, आग for अग्नि or घर for गृह.
Where it helps Medium - useful when usage and context are tested.
Read the study note →- Excess
The amount by which a number is greater than the selected base. In near-base shortcuts it is treated as a positive correction.
Where it helps High - near-base calculation clue
Read the study note →- Exclamatory narration
Exclamatory narration reports strong feeling by replacing exclamatory words and punctuation with verbs or phrases such as exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, wished or prayed.
Where it helps Medium - linked with transformation of exclamatory forms.
Read the study note →- Exclamatory sentence
A sentence that expresses strong feeling such as surprise, admiration, sorrow or joy, commonly using How or What in standard transformation patterns.
Where it helps High - specifically linked with transformation in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Exterior angle
An angle formed by extending one side of a triangle. It equals the sum of the two opposite interior angles.
Where it helps High - quick triangle-angle calculation
Read the study note →- External division
Division of a line segment by a point lying outside the segment on the same straight line. The formula uses minus signs and the denominator m - n.
Where it helps High - directly named in the syllabus and frequently confused with internal division.
Read the study note →- Factor
A factor is a number or algebraic expression that divides another number or expression exactly without leaving a remainder. In polynomial work, factors multiply together to recreate the original polynomial.
Where it helps High - core vocabulary for both arithmetic and polynomial questions.
Read the study note →- Factor theorem
At a basic level, the factor theorem says that x - a is a factor of p(x) if substituting x = a makes the polynomial value zero.
Where it helps Medium - quick option testing for linear factors.
Read the study note →- Factual detail
A directly stated item in the passage, such as a name, date, place, number, example, reason or step.
Where it helps High — direct marks if evidence is checked carefully.
Read the study note →- Feminine noun
A feminine noun takes feminine agreement, as in "लड़की आई", "नई योजना" or "किताब अच्छी है". Feminine forms may use endings such as "ई", "इन", "आनी" or "नी".
Where it helps High - common correction area
Read the study note →- Figurative meaning
Figurative meaning is the intended sense beyond the literal words. In idioms, this is the answer to be selected, while word-by-word translation usually misleads.
Where it helps High - most objective questions ask for the accepted sense rather than literal explanation.
Read the study note →- File
An organized set of papers, notes, drafts, references, and orders relating to one official matter.
Where it helps High - clerical workflow term
Read the study note →- First person
First person refers to the speaker or speaker's group, mainly "मैं" and "हम". It controls forms such as "मैं जाता हूँ" and "हम जाते हैं".
Where it helps Medium - basic recognition and correction
Read the study note →- Fixed form
Fixed form means the expression has a conventional wording. Small changes in the key words can make the idiom or proverb non-standard even if the sentence remains grammatical.
Where it helps High - completion and wrong-usage questions often test the exact conventional phrase.
Read the study note →- Fixed preposition
A conventional preposition selected by a particular verb, adjective or noun, such as depend on, afraid of, eligible for and solution to.
Where it helps High - common in correction and choose-the-correct-option questions.
Read the study note →- Formation item
An objective question that gives split parts and asks for the correct joined sandhi form.
Where it helps High - matches the compact MCQ style seen in RSSB grammar papers.
Read the study note →- Gender
Gender is the grammatical class of a Hindi noun, mainly masculine or feminine. It determines the form of many adjectives, participles and verb phrases, so a correction item must be checked for agreement around the noun.
Where it helps High - direct grammar and sentence-correction target
Read the study note →- Generic reference
Reference to a whole class or category, often expressed by plural zero article, uncount zero article, or sometimes a/an or the with a singular count noun.
Where it helps Medium - useful for zero-article and class-reference questions.
Read the study note →- Grant
Money sanctioned or provided for a specified department, institution, purpose, scheme, or activity.
Where it helps High - finance term
Read the study note →- Grouping
Grouping factorises a four-term expression by pairing terms so that each pair produces the same bracket. The repeated bracket then becomes a common factor.
Where it helps Medium - useful for four-term polynomial expressions.
Read the study note →- Guna sandhi
A vowel sandhi in which अ or आ combines with इ/ई, उ/ऊ or ऋ to produce ए, ओ or अर्.
Where it helps High - frequently confused with वृद्धि and visarga-output forms.
Read the study note →- Halant
The sign that suppresses the inherent vowel of a consonant and helps form half-consonant or conjunct structures in Devanagari spelling.
Where it helps Medium — important for conjunct-letter correction.
Read the study note →- Homophone
A word pronounced the same or nearly the same as another word but different in meaning or spelling, such as stationery and stationary.
Where it helps Medium - common subgroup within confusable words.
Read the study note →- Honorific plural
Honorific plural uses plural-style agreement to show respect for one person or a respected group. Forms such as "आप आए" and "गुरुजी बैठे हैं" are tested because meaning is singular but grammar behaves respectfully.
Where it helps High - frequent trap in person and number agreement
Read the study note →- Hypotenuse
The hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle in a right triangle. It is the longest side and appears in sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant ratios.
Where it helps High — essential for correct ratio selection.
Read the study note →- Idiomatic error
A sentence fault caused by changing, misplacing, or misusing the fixed words of an idiom or set expression.
Where it helps Medium — important for sentence correction and near-option traps.
Read the study note →- Imperative narration
Imperative narration reports commands, requests, advice and prohibitions. It commonly uses order, request, advise or warn plus object plus to or not to plus the base verb.
Where it helps High - sentence-type-specific transformation.
Read the study note →- Imperative passive
The passive form of an order, request or prohibition. It commonly uses Let plus object plus be plus past participle or should be plus past participle.
Where it helps Medium - useful for commands, requests and negative instructions.
Read the study note →- Indefinite article
A or an before a singular count noun when the noun means any one member of a class or is introduced for the first time.
Where it helps High - common in gap-fill and correction items.
Read the study note →- Indirect speech
Indirect speech reports the meaning of spoken words without quotation marks. It usually changes connectors, tense, pronouns, time-place expressions and word order according to the reporting context.
Where it helps High - core target of narration conversion questions.
Read the study note →- Inference
A reasonable conclusion drawn from textual clues even when the exact words are not directly stated.
Where it helps High — a major source of close-option traps.
Read the study note →- Intensity
The strength or degree of a word's meaning. Related words like annoyed, angry and furious differ by intensity.
Where it helps Medium - important in choosing the closest synonym or antonym.
Read the study note →- Internal division
Division of a line segment by a point lying between its endpoints. The section formula uses plus signs and the denominator m + n.
Where it helps High - directly named in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Interrogative narration
Interrogative narration reports a question indirectly. It uses asked or a similar verb, removes the question mark, and changes the clause to statement word order.
Where it helps High - tests if/whether, wh-word and word-order rules.
Read the study note →- Interrogative sentence
A sentence that asks a question. In transformation, it may be a genuine question or a rhetorical question that keeps assertive meaning.
Where it helps High - tested through assertive-to-interrogative and reverse transformation.
Read the study note →- Intransitive verb
A verb used without an object, such as sleep, arrive or happen. Such verbs normally cannot be changed into passive voice in ordinary grammar questions.
Where it helps High - common exam trap in incorrect passive options.
Read the study note →- Junction
The exact boundary where the last sound of the first part meets the first sound of the second part.
Where it helps High - locating it correctly is the base of every formation and vichchhed item.
Read the study note →- Karmadharaya
A descriptive compound where both members refer to the same object and the first qualifies the second, as in an adjective-noun relation.
Where it helps High — common exam trap against tatpurush.
Read the study note →- Krit suffix
A suffix attached mainly to a verbal root or verb base, forming words such as doer nouns, action nouns, or participial adjectives.
Where it helps Medium-High — needed for suffix classification and derived-word recognition.
Read the study note →- Leave
Authorized absence from duty granted under service rules for a permitted period.
Where it helps High - service term
Read the study note →- Line of sight
The line of sight is the straight line joining the observer's eye point to the observed point. It usually becomes the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
Where it helps Medium — helps translate word problems into diagrams.
Read the study note →- Linear pair
A pair of adjacent angles whose non-common arms form a straight line. The two angles always add to 180 degrees.
Where it helps High - frequent equation-forming rule
Read the study note →- Literal meaning
Literal meaning is the direct dictionary meaning of the words. For idioms and proverbs, it is often not the exam answer unless the question specifically asks for the literal wording.
Where it helps Medium - helps avoid word-by-word traps.
Read the study note →- Literary synonym
A synonym used more in poetic or elevated style, such as वारि for जल, पावक for अग्नि or शशि for चन्द्र.
Where it helps Medium - helps in synonym clusters and register traps.
Read the study note →- Logarithm
A logarithm states the exponent needed to obtain a number from a base. If a^x = N, then log_a N = x.
Where it helps High - explicitly named in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Lokokti
A lokokti is a proverb or popular saying that usually forms a complete statement. It expresses a general truth, practical wisdom, warning or moral lesson drawn from experience.
Where it helps High - paired with idioms in the syllabus and tested through meaning or context selection.
Read the study note →- Main idea
The central point of a passage, combining its subject with what the author mainly says about that subject.
Where it helps High — common passage question for central meaning and best summary.
Read the study note →- Masculine noun
A masculine noun takes masculine agreement in ordinary Hindi, as in "लड़का आया" or "पुराना आदेश". Many masculine nouns end in "आ", but meaning and usage are more reliable than ending alone.
Where it helps High - needed for gender recognition
Read the study note →- Matra error
A spelling fault caused by using the wrong vowel sign, omitting a vowel sign, or placing it incorrectly in a Hindi word.
Where it helps High — common in spelling-correction options.
Read the study note →- Median
A line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side. It divides that side into two equal parts.
Where it helps Medium - triangle-area and midpoint diagrams
Read the study note →- Memorandum
An official written communication or statement placing information, facts, or directions on record.
Where it helps High - close to reminder
Read the study note →- Middle-term split
Middle-term split rewrites the middle term of a quadratic as two terms whose product and sum conditions allow grouping into linear factors.
Where it helps High - standard method when the coefficient of x^2 is not 1.
Read the study note →- Midpoint
The point that divides a segment into two equal parts. Its coordinates are the averages of the corresponding endpoint coordinates.
Where it helps High - the most common special case of internal division.
Read the study note →- Mismatched pair
An option pair whose relation differs from the expected relation, for example a synonym pair placed among antonym pairs.
Where it helps High - common objective format in vocabulary questions.
Read the study note →- Modal passive
A passive structure formed with a modal plus be plus past participle, such as can be solved, must be obeyed and should be checked.
Where it helps Medium - often appears in conversion and correction questions.
Read the study note →- Muhavara
A muhavara is a fixed Hindi idiom whose accepted meaning is figurative. It normally functions as part of a sentence, so the surrounding words must fit the subject, tense and context.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the General Hindi syllabus and commonly tested through meaning, completion and usage.
Read the study note →- Multiple
A multiple is obtained by multiplying a number by an integer. For a fixed positive number, factors are limited but positive multiples continue without end.
Where it helps Medium - prevents wording mistakes in direct numerical MCQs.
Read the study note →- Multiple-meaning word
A word with more than one meaning, such as पत्र, कर, फल, अंक, चरण, मुख or रस.
Where it helps High - affects synonym choice and context reading.
Read the study note →- Near-opposite trap
A wrong option that is emotionally or thematically distant but does not directly reverse the target meaning.
Where it helps High - frequent source of errors in antonym MCQs.
Read the study note →- Negative catalyst
A substance that slows down the rate of a chemical reaction; it is also called an inhibitor in many contexts.
Where it helps Medium - catalyst subtype
Read the study note →- Negative prefix
A prefix that gives a negative or opposite meaning, such as un-, in-, dis-, non-, il-, im- and ir-.
Where it helps High - common in antonym and word-formation options.
Read the study note →- Note
An internal written statement on a file explaining facts, rules, analysis, and proposed action.
Where it helps High - close pair with draft
Read the study note →- Notice
A concise written announcement for a defined audience, giving necessary facts such as date, time, venue, action required and issuing authority.
Where it helps High - common format and missing-element question area.
Read the study note →- Notice Inviting Tender
A public or official notice inviting eligible bidders to submit tenders for a specified work, supply or service within stated conditions and deadlines.
Where it helps High - central tender-document recognition term.
Read the study note →- Notification
A formal official publication or communication notifying a rule, appointment, date, area, or decision.
Where it helps High - confused with notice
Read the study note →- Noun-to-adjective formation
The derivation of an adjective from a noun, such as इतिहास-ऐतिहासिक, समाज-सामाजिक or प्रशासन-प्रशासनिक.
Where it helps Medium - common in vocabulary and usage options.
Read the study note →- Number
Number shows whether a noun or pronoun is singular or plural. Hindi number affects noun endings, adjective forms and verb agreement, especially in pairs such as "लड़का आया" and "लड़के आए".
Where it helps High - core syllabus item
Read the study note →- Number of factors
The number of positive factors is found by adding 1 to each exponent in the prime factorisation and multiplying the results. It counts every possible exponent choice.
Where it helps High - frequent formula-style numeracy application.
Read the study note →- Object
The receiver of the action in an active sentence. In normal passive conversion, this object becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
Where it helps High - determines whether passive conversion is possible.
Read the study note →- Oblique pronoun
The changed pronoun form used before or with postpositions, such as मुझसे instead of मैं से and उसे instead of वह को.
Where it helps High — common MCQ trap in case correction.
Read the study note →- Office
A formal workplace or institutional unit where official business is transacted and records are maintained.
Where it helps High - core office term
Read the study note →- Officer
A person holding an official post with assigned powers, duties, or responsibilities.
Where it helps High - broad authority term
Read the study note →- Official letter
A formal communication written for official work between offices, officers, departments, institutions or public authorities, using fixed format, formal tone and designation-based responsibility.
Where it helps High - core syllabus item and format-recognition target.
Read the study note →- One-word substitution
A single precise word used in place of a descriptive phrase, such as illiterate for a person who cannot read or write.
Where it helps High - explicitly listed in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Ordered pair
A coordinate pair written as (x, y), where the first number gives horizontal position and the second gives vertical position. The order cannot be interchanged.
Where it helps High - prevents basic plotting and quadrant errors.
Read the study note →- Origin
The point where the x-axis and y-axis meet. Its coordinates are (0, 0), and all plotted points are measured from this reference point.
Where it helps High - common reference point in plotting and distance questions.
Read the study note →- Orthographic trap
A close spelling option that looks plausible but has a wrong matra, missing doubled consonant, wrong split, or wrong sandhi output.
Where it helps Medium - common reason for errors in four-option grammar items.
Read the study note →- Oxidation
A reaction idea defined as addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen or loss of electrons by a substance.
Where it helps High - redox recognition term
Read the study note →- Oxidising agent
A substance that oxidises another substance and is itself reduced during the reaction.
Where it helps Medium - basic agent identification
Read the study note →- Part of speech
The grammatical class of a word, such as noun, verb, adjective or adverb. Matching it is a quick filter in synonym, antonym and blank questions.
Where it helps High - removes many attractive but grammatically wrong options.
Read the study note →- Passive voice
A sentence pattern in which the grammatical subject receives the action. It is formed with a suitable form of be and the past participle, as in The letter was typed.
Where it helps High - core syllabus item for objective voice questions.
Read the study note →- Past participle
The third form of a verb used in perfect tenses and passive voice, such as written, taken, seen, opened and repaired.
Where it helps High - wrong participle choices are frequent error-identification traps.
Read the study note →- Past perfect
A form built with had plus past participle. It marks the earlier of two past actions when completion before another past point is important.
Where it helps High - key structure for sequence-of-tenses questions.
Read the study note →- Perfect cube
A number that is exactly the cube of a whole number, such as 125 or 35937.
Where it helps High - cube-root verification target
Read the study note →- Perfect square
A number that is exactly the square of a whole number, such as 144 or 9801.
Where it helps High - root verification target
Read the study note →- Perfect-square trinomial
A perfect-square trinomial has the form a^2 + 2ab + b^2 or a^2 - 2ab + b^2 and factors as a repeated binomial.
Where it helps High - tests recognition of identities and sign discipline.
Read the study note →- Permission
Authorization allowing a person or office to do something requiring official consent.
Where it helps High - close to approval
Read the study note →- Person
Person identifies the speaker, listener or other subject: first person, second person and third person. Hindi verb forms change with person, number and respect level.
Where it helps High - necessary for verb agreement
Read the study note →- Physical change
A change in which only physical properties such as state, shape, size or solubility change and no new substance is formed.
Where it helps High - core classification term
Read the study note →- Positive catalyst
A catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
Where it helps Medium - catalyst subtype
Read the study note →- Possessive determiner
A noun-marking word such as my, your, his, her, its, our or their that shows relation or ownership before a noun.
Where it helps Medium - often confused with possessive pronouns.
Read the study note →- Posting
Placement of an employee on a post, station, office, or assignment.
Where it helps High - close to appointment and transfer
Read the study note →- Prefix
A letter group added before a base word to modify meaning, as un- in unhappy or re- in rewrite.
Where it helps High - central to word formation questions.
Read the study note →- Prefix-based antonym
An opposite formed or signalled through a prefix, such as न्याय-अन्याय, शुद्ध-अशुद्ध, आशा-निराशा or भय-निर्भय.
Where it helps High - quick recognition tool with important exceptions.
Read the study note →- Preposition
A word that links a noun or pronoun to another word by showing relation such as time, place, direction, cause, manner, possession or association.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the Paper II General English syllabus.
Read the study note →- Present continuous
A form built with am, is or are plus verb-ing. It shows an action happening now, a temporary situation, a trend or a planned arrangement.
Where it helps High - tested through verb-ing form and unnecessary continuous errors.
Read the study note →- Present perfect
A form built with has or have plus past participle. It connects a past action with the present result, experience or continuing relevance.
Where it helps High - central to already, yet, just and simple-past contrast.
Read the study note →- Prime factorisation
Prime factorisation expresses a number as a product of prime powers. It is the standard base for counting factors, summing factors and checking odd or even divisor variants.
Where it helps High - needed for divisor-count and sum-of-factors calculations.
Read the study note →- Pronoun agreement
Pronoun agreement in narration means changing I, we, you, my and your according to the speaker, listener and reporter so that the indirect sentence preserves the original meaning.
Where it helps High - frequent source of mismatched-option errors.
Read the study note →- Pronoun reference
The noun, noun phrase or idea to which a pronoun such as it, they, this, that or which refers.
Where it helps Medium — often solved through number agreement and nearby context.
Read the study note →- Purpose
The reason for writing the passage, such as to inform, explain, persuade, warn, compare, criticise or encourage.
Where it helps High — helps distinguish descriptive, explanatory and argumentative passages.
Read the study note →- Pythagorean identity
A Pythagorean identity is derived from the right-triangle relation between sides. The core form is sin squared theta + cos squared theta = 1.
Where it helps High — key to simplifying squared trigonometric expressions.
Read the study note →- Quadrant
One of the four regions formed by the x-axis and y-axis. Each quadrant has a fixed sign pattern for x and y coordinates.
Where it helps Medium - useful for plotting checks and sign awareness.
Read the study note →- Quadratic equation
A quadratic equation is an equation whose highest power of the variable is 2, written in standard form as ax^2 + bx + c = 0 with a not equal to zero.
Where it helps High - explicitly named in the syllabus.
Read the study note →- Quadratic trinomial
A quadratic trinomial is a three-term polynomial of degree two, usually written as ax^2 + bx + c. Many LDC-level examples factor into two linear factors.
Where it helps High - central polynomial factorisation form.
Read the study note →- Quantifier
A determiner that shows amount or number, such as many, much, few, little, some, any, several, enough, all and both.
Where it helps High - central to countability-based gap filling.
Read the study note →- Rancidity
Spoilage of fats and oils due to oxidation, producing unpleasant smell and taste in stale oily food.
Where it helps High - daily redox example
Read the study note →- Ratio direction
The meaning of a ratio according to the named endpoints, such as AP:PB. Correct direction decides which endpoint receives which coefficient in the section formula.
Where it helps High - important for avoiding reversed internal or external division answers.
Read the study note →- Receipt
The incoming side of official correspondence or the act of receiving a document or item.
Where it helps High - paired with dispatch
Read the study note →- Reciprocal identity
A reciprocal identity connects a trigonometric ratio with its inverse ratio, such as sin theta x cosec theta = 1 or tan theta x cot theta = 1.
Where it helps High — frequently used in expression simplification.
Read the study note →- Recommendation
A formal suggestion or supportive proposal placed before an authority for consideration or decision.
Where it helps High - close to approval
Read the study note →- Record
Preserved official documents, registers, papers, or entries kept for future reference and proof.
Where it helps High - close pair with file
Read the study note →- Reducing agent
A substance that reduces another substance and is itself oxidised during the reaction.
Where it helps Medium - basic agent identification
Read the study note →- Reduction
A reaction idea defined as removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen or gain of electrons by a substance.
Where it helps High - redox recognition term
Read the study note →- Redundancy
Use of extra words that repeat the same meaning without need, making the sentence non-economical or incorrect in standard usage.
Where it helps High — directly linked to unnecessary-word errors.
Read the study note →- Reference
A note identifying an earlier letter, order, circular, tender or document connected with the present communication.
Where it helps Medium - tested through distinction from subject line.
Read the study note →- Register
The level of usage of a word, such as everyday, formal, administrative or literary, which affects suitability in context.
Where it helps Medium - important for context-sensitive synonym selection.
Read the study note →- Reminder
A follow-up official communication sent when reply, action, compliance, or payment remains pending.
Where it helps High - common correspondence term
Read the study note →- Reported speech
Reported speech is the original message inside quotation marks in direct narration. During conversion, this part undergoes tense, pronoun, connector and structure changes.
Where it helps High - the portion most options modify.
Read the study note →- Reporting verb
The reporting verb introduces the speech being reported, such as said, told, asked, ordered, requested, advised, exclaimed or wished. Its tense and meaning guide later changes.
Where it helps High - controls backshift and sentence-type handling.
Read the study note →- Reversible change
A change that can usually be undone by simple physical methods, such as melting followed by freezing or evaporation followed by condensation.
Where it helps Medium - common comparison point
Read the study note →- RHS congruence
A right-triangle congruence criterion using equality of the right angle, hypotenuse and one corresponding side.
Where it helps High - right-triangle criterion
Read the study note →- Root
A meaningful word element that appears across related words, such as dict in dictate and dictionary or port in transport.
Where it helps Medium - helps infer unfamiliar vocabulary.
Read the study note →- Rusting
The slow corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen and moisture, producing reddish brown rust.
Where it helps High - chemical change and oxidation example
Read the study note →- Salary
The regular pay drawn by an employee for service in a post.
Where it helps High - service finance term
Read the study note →- Salutation
The formal opening address in a letter, such as Sir, Madam or Dear Shri Sharma, depending on the type of communication.
Where it helps Medium - useful for distinguishing official and D.O. letters.
Read the study note →- Samas
A compact compound formed by joining two or more meaningful words after suppressing some grammatical markers. It is identified by the internal relation between the members and by which member dominates the meaning.
Where it helps High — direct syllabus item and common objective recognition area.
Read the study note →- Samas-vigrah
The expansion of a compound into its fuller phrase, revealing the hidden relation, such as "राजपुत्र" into "राजा का पुत्र".
Where it helps High — key method for choosing the correct samas type.
Read the study note →- Samasik pad
The compound word produced through samas, such as "राजपुत्र", "नीलकमल", or "माता-पिता". The exam usually asks its type or correct expansion.
Where it helps High — the syllabus specifically mentions formation of samasik words.
Read the study note →- Sanction
Formal authorization for expenditure, action, leave, prosecution, creation of post, or another official matter.
Where it helps High - close to approval
Read the study note →- Sandhi
A sound change at the junction of two sounds, usually visible when two words or word parts join into one accepted form.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the LDC General Hindi syllabus.
Read the study note →- Sandhi-vichchhed
The grammatical splitting of a sandhi form into its original meaningful parts while explaining the sound change at the junction.
Where it helps High - directly listed and commonly tested through objective options.
Read the study note →- SAS congruence
A congruence criterion in which two sides and the included angle of one triangle equal the corresponding parts of another triangle.
Where it helps High - valid congruence criterion and common SSA trap
Read the study note →- Scale factor
The ratio by which corresponding lengths change from one similar figure to another. Direction matters when using it.
Where it helps High - length and perimeter calculations
Read the study note →- Second person
Second person refers to the listener through "तू", "तुम" and "आप". The respect level changes the verb form, so "आप जाता है" is incorrect while "आप जाते हैं" is correct.
Where it helps High - respectful usage is a common exam trap
Read the study note →- Secretary
A formal administrative designation, often a senior officer or the official secretary of a body.
Where it helps High - designation term
Read the study note →- Section
A smaller working unit within an office or department handling a particular stream of work.
Where it helps High - often confused with branch
Read the study note →- Security deposit
A deposit or guarantee connected with proper performance of work after award of contract, depending on tender terms.
Where it helps Medium - tender terms and conditions vocabulary.
Read the study note →- Seniority
Relative standing of employees in a cadre or service for promotion, preference, or service benefits.
Where it helps High - service record term
Read the study note →- Sentence transformation
Changing a sentence from one grammatical form to another while keeping the same meaning, such as changing an assertive sentence into an interrogative or exclamatory sentence.
Where it helps High - directly named in the official General English syllabus.
Read the study note →- Sequence
The order in which events, steps or ideas appear or occur in the passage.
Where it helps Medium — important in narrative, process and historical passages.
Read the study note →- Sequence of tenses
The tense relationship between the main clause and subordinate clause. It depends on time order, reported speech, condition, and whether a fact remains true.
Where it helps High - explicitly listed in the syllabus and linked to narration.
Read the study note →- Shabd-shuddhi
Correction of an incorrectly written word into its accepted standard form, along with identification of the word-level reason such as matra, conjunct, nasal marker, or tatsam spelling error.
Where it helps High — explicitly listed in the LDC General Hindi syllabus.
Read the study note →- Similar triangles
Triangles with the same shape, equal corresponding angles and proportional corresponding sides. They may differ in size.
Where it helps High - central syllabus term
Read the study note →- Simple present
A present-tense form used for habits, facts, routines, permanent states and scheduled events. It uses base verb or s/es form in affirmative sentences.
Where it helps High - frequently tested through agreement and do/does errors.
Read the study note →- Sine
Sine of an acute angle is the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse in a right triangle. It is written as sin theta.
Where it helps High — common in direct expression and identity questions.
Read the study note →- Specific reference
Reference to a known, identified or contextually clear noun, often requiring the or another precise determiner.
Where it helps Medium - explains many article choices beyond memorised rules.
Read the study note →- Square
The square of a whole number is the product of the number with itself. It represents the second power and is written as n^2.
Where it helps High - direct syllabus term
Read the study note →- Square root
A square root of a number is a value whose square gives that number. For whole-number questions, the positive root is normally required.
Where it helps High - direct syllabus term
Read the study note →- SSS congruence
A congruence criterion in which all three sides of one triangle equal the corresponding three sides of another triangle.
Where it helps High - valid congruence criterion
Read the study note →- Standard values
Standard values are the known trigonometric values for 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees. They allow quick calculation without approximation.
Where it helps Very high — required for direct ratio recall and numerical height-distance questions.
Read the study note →- Stative verb
A verb that usually describes a state rather than an action in progress, such as know, believe, own, belong, seem, prefer or need.
Where it helps Medium - explains many unnecessary continuous tense errors.
Read the study note →- Subject line
A brief line in official correspondence that states the exact matter of the communication for quick reading, filing and action.
Where it helps High - frequently appears in format and sequence questions.
Read the study note →- Subject-verb agreement
The rule that the verb must agree with the grammatical subject in number and person where English grammar requires such agreement.
Where it helps High - explicitly included under correction of sentences.
Read the study note →- Substitution method
The substitution method solves simultaneous equations by expressing one variable from one equation and placing that expression into the other equation.
Where it helps High - useful when one equation already isolates a variable.
Read the study note →- Suffix
A letter group added after a base word to form a new word or change grammatical class, as -ness in kindness or -ly in quickly.
Where it helps High - central to word formation and spelling questions.
Read the study note →- Sum of factors
The sum of positive factors is found by multiplying the geometric sums created from each prime power in the number. It avoids listing all factors manually.
Where it helps High - directly aligned with the CET-style 120 factor-sum signal.
Read the study note →- Synonym
A word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a particular context. It should normally match the target word's part of speech and level of intensity.
Where it helps High - directly listed in the General English syllabus.
Read the study note →- Tadbhav
A word historically developed from Sanskrit into a natural Hindi form. Confusion between tatsam and tadbhav forms can create wrong exam options.
Where it helps Medium — supports word-form judgment.
Read the study note →- Taddhit suffix
A suffix attached mainly to noun, pronoun, numeral, or adjective bases, forming abstract nouns, possessive adjectives, relational adjectives, and similar derivatives.
Where it helps Medium-High — important for noun/adjective formation questions.
Read the study note →- Tangent
Tangent of an acute angle is the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side. In height-distance problems it usually connects height with horizontal distance.
Where it helps Very high — the main ratio for tower, pole, and pillar problems.
Read the study note →- Tatpurush
A compound in which the second member is dominant and a case-like relation is hidden between the members, as in possession, location, source, or purpose.
Where it helps High — frequent identification contrast with karmadharaya and bahuvrihi.
Read the study note →- Tatsam
A Sanskrit-derived word retained in a form close to Sanskrit spelling. Formal Hindi correction often expects the accepted tatsam form.
Where it helps Medium — helps explain standard spelling choices.
Read the study note →- Tender
A formal bid or offer submitted by a supplier, contractor or agency in response to an invitation issued by an authority.
Where it helps High - tested through NIT basics and tender terminology.
Read the study note →- Tense
The grammatical form that places an action, event or state in present, past or future time. In exam grammar, tense is judged together with aspect and context.
Where it helps High - core syllabus item and basis of correction and gap-fill questions.
Read the study note →- Third person
Third person refers to someone or something other than speaker and listener, using forms such as "वह", "वे", "यह" and "ये". Agreement depends on gender, number and respect.
Where it helps Medium - needed for sentence-level agreement
Read the study note →- Time marker
A word or phrase that signals time or duration, such as yesterday, now, since, for, already, yet, before, after, when or while.
Where it helps High - often decides the correct option in gap fills.
Read the study note →- Time-place shift
Time-place shift changes expressions such as now, today, tomorrow, here and this into then, that day, the next day, there and that when the reporting viewpoint changes.
Where it helps Medium - often combined with tense and pronoun changes.
Read the study note →- Tone
The author's manner or attitude in expression, such as informative, critical, appreciative, cautionary, persuasive or analytical.
Where it helps High — tests attitude through word choice and repeated stance.
Read the study note →- Transfer
Movement of an employee from one post, office, station, district, or unit to another.
Where it helps High - service term
Read the study note →- Transitive verb
A verb that takes an object in the sentence, such as write a letter or open the gate. Most ordinary passive conversions require a transitive verb.
Where it helps High - key filter before attempting conversion.
Read the study note →- Transposition
Transposition is the shortcut of moving a term across the equality sign by applying the inverse operation, such as changing addition to subtraction or multiplication to division.
Where it helps High - frequent in one-variable equations.
Read the study note →- Type-recognition item
An objective question that gives a word and asks which kind or subtype of sandhi is used in it.
Where it helps High - directly tests classification, not only word formation.
Read the study note →- Uncount noun
A noun treated as a mass, material, idea or quality rather than separate units, such as advice, information, furniture, water and honesty.
Where it helps High - tested through much, little, some and article errors.
Read the study note →- Unit digit
The last digit of a number. In roots, it gives candidate final digits and helps reject impossible perfect squares or cubes.
Where it helps High - quick elimination tool
Read the study note →- Universal truth
A universal truth is a statement treated as always true, such as a scientific fact or general principle. In narration it normally does not backshift merely because the reporting verb is past.
Where it helps Medium - important exception to mechanical tense change.
Read the study note →- Vakya-shuddhi
Correction of an incorrect sentence into standard Hindi by fixing agreement, case, verb form, tense, voice, word order, redundancy, or idiom while preserving meaning.
Where it helps High — directly tested through sentence correction and incorrect-sentence identification.
Read the study note →- Variable
A variable is a symbol such as x or y that represents an unknown or changing quantity. In exam problems, it should be defined before translating words into equations.
Where it helps High - needed for word-problem setup.
Read the study note →- Verification
The final check in which the proposed square root or cube root is squared or cubed, or tested by range and last digit, before accepting the answer.
Where it helps High - reduces careless mistakes
Read the study note →- Vertically opposite angles
The opposite angles formed when two straight lines intersect. Each vertically opposite pair is equal.
Where it helps High - core intersecting-lines fact
Read the study note →- Visarga sandhi
Sandhi in which finalः changes, disappears, or becomes a related sound before the following word part.
Where it helps High - important for examples such as मनोरथ, पुनरागमन and नमस्ते.
Read the study note →- Vocabulary in context
The meaning of a word or phrase as used in a specific sentence, not every dictionary meaning of that word.
Where it helps High — covers synonym, antonym and phrase meaning questions.
Read the study note →- Voice
The relation between action and participant in active, passive, or भाववाच्य-style constructions. Mixed voice forms often create sentence errors.
Where it helps High — named in the General Hindi syllabus and linked to correction.
Read the study note →- Vowel sandhi
Sandhi in which the main change occurs between vowels, producing a long vowel, a merged vowel, or a glide-like sound.
Where it helps High - includes दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण and अयादि questions.
Read the study note →- Vriddhi sandhi
A vowel sandhi in which अ or आ combines with ए/ऐ or ओ/औ to produce ऐ or औ.
Where it helps High - important for classifying words such as सदैव and वनौषधि.
Read the study note →- Word order
The arrangement of words in a sentence. Standard Hindi generally favors natural subject-object-verb order, with modifiers placed near the words they qualify.
Where it helps Medium — tested through awkward or translation-influenced sentences.
Read the study note →- Word pair
A pair of words that may be similar in sound, related in theme or opposite in meaning, requiring exact distinction.
Where it helps Medium - supports vocabulary, spelling and relation-based questions.
Read the study note →- Wrong usage
Wrong usage occurs when an expression is incomplete, altered, literalized or placed in an unsuitable context. The sentence may look grammatical but fail idiomatic correctness.
Where it helps High - important for error-detection questions.
Read the study note →- Yan sandhi
A vowel sandhi in which इ/ई, उ/ऊ or ऋ changes into य्, व् or र् before a different vowel.
Where it helps High - tested through examples such as इत्यादि, अत्यावश्यक and स्वागत.
Read the study note →- Zero article
The pattern in which no article is used, commonly with general plural count nouns, general uncount nouns, proper nouns, languages, meals and games.
Where it helps High - frequent source of overuse errors.
Read the study note →- Zero-product rule
The zero-product rule states that if a product of factors is zero, at least one factor must be zero. It converts factorised equations into simple linear equations.
Where it helps Medium - needed for simple factor-based equation MCQs.
Read the study note →