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Predicted Questions with Model Answers
Q1 (5 marks — 50 words): What is Emotional Intelligence? Explain Goleman's five components.
Model Answer:
Emotional Intelligence (EI), coined by Salovey & Mayer (1990), is the ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions. Daniel Goleman (1995) identified five components: (1) Self-awareness — knowing one's emotions; (2) Self-regulation — controlling impulses; (3) Motivation — inner drive; (4) Empathy — understanding others' feelings; (5) Social skills — managing relationships effectively. High EQ predicts leadership success more than IQ.
Q2 (5 marks — 50 words): Explain the three-stage memory model with examples.
Model Answer:
Atkinson & Shiffrin's (1968) three-stage model: (1) Sensory Memory — stores all stimuli briefly (< 1 second; e.g., visual afterimage); (2) Short-Term Memory (STM) — holds 7±2 items for 15–30 seconds; chunking increases capacity (e.g., memorising a phone number); (3) Long-Term Memory (LTM) — unlimited storage; semantic (facts), episodic (experiences), procedural (skills). Rehearsal transfers information from STM to LTM.
Q3 (5 marks — 50 words): What is Cultural Intelligence (CQ)? State its four dimensions.
Model Answer:
Cultural Intelligence (CQ), proposed by Earley & Ang (2003), is the ability to function effectively in culturally diverse situations. Four dimensions: (1) CQ Drive — motivation to engage cross-culturally; (2) CQ Knowledge — understanding cultural norms and systems; (3) CQ Strategy — planning cross-cultural interactions; (4) CQ Action — adapting verbal and non-verbal behaviour in new cultural contexts. Essential for diverse-society administrators.
Q4 (5 marks — 50 words): Explain Spiritual Intelligence (SQ). How does it differ from religiosity?
Model Answer:
Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) — Zohar & Marshall (2000) — is the capacity to solve problems of meaning and value. Emmons (2000) identified 5 abilities: transcendence, heightened consciousness, sanctifying experience, spiritual problem-solving, and virtuous behaviour. Difference from religiosity: SQ is not about rituals or doctrine — it operates independently of formal religion. A secular scientist or administrator can have high SQ through ethical integrity and service orientation.
Q5 (5 marks — 50 words): What are Gardner's Multiple Intelligences? Name any five types.
Model Answer:
Howard Gardner (1983, Frames of Mind) proposed 9 Multiple Intelligences, arguing that intelligence is not a single IQ score. Five types: (1) Linguistic — mastery of language (lawyers, writers); (2) Logical-Mathematical — abstract reasoning (scientists); (3) Spatial — mental visualisation (architects); (4) Interpersonal — understanding others (teachers, leaders); (5) Intrapersonal — self-awareness (therapists, philosophers). Each has a distinct neural basis and developmental pathway.
Q6 (5 marks — 50 words): Explain Appreciative Intelligence. How is it relevant for public administrators?
Model Answer:
Appreciative Intelligence (AQ) — Thatchenkery & Metzker (2006) — is the ability to reframe situations positively, identify latent potential, and act on that perception. Three components: reframing, appreciating the positive, seeing future potential in the present. For public administrators: a collector facing drought can reframe it as an opportunity for water conservation infrastructure, mobilising communities proactively rather than reactively managing crisis. High AQ leaders inspire hope and transform constraints into possibilities.