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Glossary Terms
| Term (EN) | Definition | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Intelligence | Global capacity to act purposefully and think rationally (Wechsler, 1944) | PYQ 2021, 2023 |
| IQ (Intelligence Quotient) | MA/CA × 100; measure of cognitive intelligence (Terman, 1916) | Cognitive IQ formula |
| Mental Age (MA) | Cognitive task level achievable regardless of chronological age | IQ formula component |
| Spearman's g | General intelligence factor common to all mental tasks (1904) | Two-factor theory |
| Fluid Intelligence (Gf) | Ability to reason with novel problems; peaks in early adulthood (Cattell) | Intelligence types |
| Crystallised Intelligence (Gc) | Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age (Cattell) | Intelligence types |
| Multiple Intelligences | Gardner's (1983) theory of 9 distinct intelligences beyond IQ | Theory Q |
| Sensory Memory | Very brief storage of all sensory inputs; < 1 second | PYQ 2023 |
| Short-Term Memory (STM) | Working memory; 7±2 items; 15–30 seconds without rehearsal | PYQ 2021 |
| Long-Term Memory (LTM) | Unlimited capacity memory store; semantic, episodic, procedural subtypes | Memory model |
| Chunking | Organising information into meaningful clusters to expand STM capacity | Memory strategy |
| Trace Decay | Forgetting due to fading of memory trace over time (Ebbinghaus, 1885) | PYQ 2023 |
| Emotional Intelligence (EI/EQ) | Ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990) | PYQ 2021 |
| Self-Awareness | Goleman's 1st EI component — knowing one's own emotions and their effects | EI components |
| Empathy | Goleman's 4th EI component — understanding and sharing others' feelings | EI; Social skills |
| Social Intelligence (SI) | Ability to understand and manage people in social situations (Thorndike, 1920) | SI definition |
| SPACE Model | Albrecht's SI framework: Situational awareness, Presence, Authenticity, Clarity, Empathy | SI 5-mark |
| Cultural Intelligence (CQ) | Ability to function in culturally diverse settings (Earley & Ang, 2003) | New 2026 |
| Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) | Capacity to solve problems of meaning and value (Zohar & Marshall, 2000) | PYQ theme 2023 |
| Appreciative Intelligence (AQ) | Ability to reframe positively and act on latent potential (Thatchenkery, 2006) | New 2026 |
| Prajña | Vedic concept of intuitive wisdom; knowing beyond sensory experience | Indian tradition |
| Viveka | Discriminative wisdom in Hindu philosophy; distinguishing real from unreal | Indian tradition |
| Divergent Thinking | Guilford's concept — generating multiple solutions; basis of creativity | Guilford model |
| Factor Analysis | Statistical method to identify underlying intelligence factors (Spearman) | Theory method |
| Appreciative Inquiry | Cooperrider & Srivastva (1987) organisational method; 4-D cycle (Discovery, Dream, Design, Destiny) | AQ context |
Sources: Wechsler (1944) Intelligence: Definition and Measurement; Spearman (1904) American Journal of Psychology; Gardner (1983) Frames of Mind; Goleman (1995) Emotional Intelligence; Salovey & Mayer (1990) Imagination, Cognition and Personality; Earley & Ang (2003) Cultural Intelligence; Zohar & Marshall (2000) SQ; Thatchenkery & Metzker (2006) Appreciative Intelligence; Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Human Memory; RPSC 2026 Official Syllabus; PYQ 2021, 2023.