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| Concept | Key Fact | RPSC Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Spoils System | USA 1829–1883; patronage appointments | Civil service reform 2-mark |
| Pendleton Act | 1883 USA; merit-based civil service | Civil service history |
| Civil Service Reform Act | 1978 USA; created OPM + SES | USA admin 5-mark |
| Northcote–Trevelyan Report | 1854 UK; merit, permanence, neutrality | UK civil service — India link |
| Fulton Committee | 1968 UK; criticised "cult of amateur" | UK reform 2-mark |
| Next Steps Initiative | 1988 UK; executive agencies | NPM reforms |
| Westminster Model | Parliamentary, collective responsibility | UK feature |
| ENA (now INSP) | France 1945/2022; trained énarques | French elite civil service |
| Préfet System | France; 101 departments; central rep. | Compare with Collector |
| Cohabitation | France; President & PM from diff. parties | Dual executive |
| Keju (科举) | China 605–1905 AD; imperial civil exam | Longest civil exam history |
| Guokao | China; 2–3 million applicants/year | Most competitive exam |
| State Council | China's cabinet; 26 ministries (2018) | China admin structure |
| Fred Riggs | Prismatic theory; CAG 1960; ecological approach | CPA theory |
| Sala Model | Riggs' prismatic admin sub-system | Developing countries |