Introduction

Organisation is one of the two broadest functions of administration (alongside Personnel). In POSDCORB, "O" stands for Organising. Every organisation must answer fundamental questions: Who reports to whom? How many subordinates can a manager handle? How much authority should be delegated? Should decisions be made centrally or locally? How do different units coordinate?

Topic 114 is one of the most consistently tested topics in Paper III's Public Administration unit — it has appeared in all 5 exam years (2013, 2016, 2018, 2021, 2023), making it a near-certain Q source in 2026. The 2021 and 2023 papers gave it substantial marks (4 + 10 = 14 marks over two years). Span of control, delegation, and decentralisation are especially high-probability topics.