United Nations System

1.1 History and Structure

The UN was born from the failures of the League of Nations (1919–1946) — which lacked the US and the USSR, had no enforcement mechanism, and failed to prevent World War II. The UN Charter was signed at San Francisco Conference on 26 June 1945 and entered into force on 24 October 1945 — now observed as UN Day.

Founding purpose (Charter Preamble):

• Save succeeding generations from the scourge of war
• Reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights
• Maintain justice and respect for treaty obligations
• Promote social progress and better standards of life

Six principal organs:

Organ	Location	Function
General Assembly (GA)	New York	All 193 members; one state, one vote; recommendations (not binding)
Security Council (UNSC)	New York	Primary responsibility for peace and security; binding resolutions; veto power
Secretariat	New York	UN's administrative organ; headed by Secretary-General
International Court of Justice (ICJ)	The Hague	Disputes between states; 15 judges elected for 9-year terms
ECOSOC	New York	Coordination of economic and social work; 54 elected members
Trusteeship Council	New York	Supervised trust territories; suspended 1994 (all territories independent)

Current Secretary-General: António Guterres (Portugal) — serving second term (since 2017; reappointed 2021 for 2022–2026).

1.2 UN Security Council

Composition and Veto Power

Composition: 5 permanent members (P5) + 10 non-permanent members (elected by GA for 2-year terms; 5 elected each year).

Veto power: Any P5 member can block any substantive resolution with a single negative vote. The veto has been used 300+ times since 1945.

• Russia/USSR used it most frequently (140+ times)
• US second (90+ times)
• China's veto use has increased significantly since the 2000s

India and UNSC Reform

India is part of the G4 group (Germany, Brazil, Japan, India) campaigning for permanent seats. India's argument for reform rests on several grounds:

• World's most populous country and largest democracy
• 4th-largest defence budget
• Served 8 non-permanent terms — more than any non-P5 state
• Major UN peacekeeping contributor

Structural obstacles to reform:

• The "Uniting for Consensus" bloc (led by Italy, Pakistan) opposes expanding permanent membership; supports expanding only non-permanent seats
• African Union's C-10 (Common African Position) demands 2 permanent seats for Africa
• Any UN Charter amendment requires approval by 2/3 GA members AND ratification by all P5 members — giving P5 a structural interest in the status quo

India in UNSC (2021–22)

• Elected with 184 out of 192 votes — highest vote share for any non-permanent candidate
• Key themes championed: maritime security, counter-terrorism, peacekeeping reform, UNSC process reform
• India presided over UNSC in August 2021 (maritime security) and December 2022

1.3 Key UN Specialized Agencies Relevant to India

Agency	Full Name	Mandate	India's Relevance
UNESCO	UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural	Education, science, culture	Heritage sites, Yoga Day
WHO	World Health Organisation	Global public health	COVID-19, vaccine diplomacy
UNICEF	UN Children's Fund	Child rights and welfare	Poshan Abhiyan convergence
UNDP	UN Development Programme	HDI, SDG monitoring	India's development indicators
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organisation	Food security, agriculture	India's food policy
ILO	International Labour Organisation	Labour rights, standards	India's labour code reforms
UNHCR	UN High Commissioner for Refugees	Refugee protection	Myanmar Rohingya, Afghanistan

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