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Glossary Terms
| Term (EN) | Definition | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Constitutional morality | Adherence to constitutional values over popular norms | Ambedkar (1948); Navtej Johar (2018) |
| Transformative constitutionalism | Constitution as instrument for active social transformation | Justice Chandrachud; Karl Klare |
| Right to Privacy | Fundamental right under Art 21; Puttaswamy (2017) | Art 21 |
| Triple talaq | Instant dissolution of Muslim marriage by triple pronouncement; now criminal | Muslim Women Act 2019 |
| Section 377 IPC | Criminalised consensual homosexuality; struck down Navtej Johar (2018) | Now decriminalised |
| Section 497 IPC | Adultery offence; struck down Joseph Shine (2018) | Now abolished |
| Sabarimala | Temple case — women aged 10–50 exclusion declared unconstitutional (2018) | Art 14, 15, 25 |
| Data Principal | Individual whose personal data is processed | DPDP Act 2023 |
| Data Fiduciary | Entity determining purpose and means of data processing | DPDP Act 2023 |
| CAA 2019 | Fast-track citizenship for persecuted non-Muslim minorities from 3 countries | Citizenship Act amended |
| BNS 2023 | Replaced IPC 1860; in force 1 July 2024 | Criminal law |
| BNSS 2023 | Replaced CrPC 1973; in force 1 July 2024 | Criminal procedure |
| Article 370 | J&K's special status — abrogated 2019, upheld SC Dec 2023 | Constitution |
| DPDP Act | India's first comprehensive data privacy law, 2023 | Privacy legislation |
| NJAC | Struck down 2015 — judicial independence | 99th Amendment |
| Popular morality | Majoritarian social norms; may conflict with constitutional values | Contrast to const. morality |
| Substantive equality | Equality addressing structural disadvantages, not just formal treatment | Transformative constitutionalism |
| Positive rights | Rights requiring state action to provide conditions for their exercise | Art 21 expansion |
| Vishakha guidelines | SC-issued guidelines (1997) on sexual harassment at workplace — replaced by POSH Act 2013 | SC ruling |
| Sexual orientation | Protected ground under Art 15 as per Navtej Johar (2018) | Art 15, 21 |