Public Section Preview
Quick Revision Table
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Basic Structure doctrine established | Kesavananda Bharati (1973) — 13-judge bench, 7:6 majority |
| Article 368 | Amendment procedure — special majority required |
| Special majority meaning | Absolute majority of total membership + 2/3 of present-and-voting |
| State ratification required for | Federal provisions (election of President, judiciary, 7th Schedule Lists) |
| No joint sitting for | Constitutional amendment bill |
| President can withhold assent under Art 368? | No — must give assent |
| Basic Structure elements | Judicial review, secular character, federalism, democracy, independence of judiciary |
| 1st Amendment (1951) | 9th Schedule created for land reform laws |
| 42nd Amendment (1976) | Mini-Constitution — Socialist/Secular in Preamble; Fundamental Duties |
| 44th Amendment (1978) | Right to Property removed from FR; Emergency safeguards |
| 52nd Amendment (1985) | Anti-defection (10th Schedule) |
| 61st Amendment (1989) | Voting age 21→18 |
| 73rd/74th Amendment (1992) | Panchayati Raj + Urban Local Bodies constitutionalised |
| 86th Amendment (2002) | Article 21A — Right to Education |
| 99th Amendment (2014) | NJAC — struck down by Supreme Court 2015 |
| 101st Amendment (2016) | GST introduced |
| 103rd Amendment (2019) | EWS 10% reservation |
| 9th Schedule immunity limit | Laws added after 24 Apr 1973 subject to Basic Structure test (I.R. Coelho, 2007) |
| NJAC struck down reason | Violated judicial independence = Basic Structure |