Relationship Between Parts III, IV, and IVA

6.1 Constitutional Vision

The Constituent Assembly's debates reveal a deliberate architecture:

• Fundamental Rights protect the individual from the state (a restraint on state power)
• DPSPs guide the state toward social and economic justice (an enabler of state action)
• Fundamental Duties remind citizens of their obligations toward the collective

Together, they represent a complete civic framework.

Dr. Ambedkar's Vision

In his closing speech, Dr. Ambedkar warned that political democracy without social and economic democracy was a contradiction — civil and political rights alone were insufficient. This is why DPSPs were given constitutional status even though they were non-justiciable: they signalled the direction of governance.

6.2 Key Judicial Milestones

Case	Year	Significance
Shankari Prasad v. Union of India	1951	Parliament can amend any part of Constitution including FR
Golak Nath v. State of Punjab	1967	Parliament cannot abridge FR — reversed Shankari Prasad
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala	1973	Parliament can amend FR but cannot destroy Basic Structure; DPSP equally important
Minerva Mills v. Union of India	1980	Balance between FR and DPSP is part of Basic Structure
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India	1978	Procedure under Art 21 must be fair, just, and reasonable
Francis Coralie Mullin v. UT Delhi	1981	Right to life includes right to live with dignity
K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India	2017	Right to privacy is a fundamental right under Art 21
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India	2018	Section 377 IPC partially struck down; sexual autonomy protected under Art 21

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