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The Case Study Methodology
2.1 What is a Non-Factual Case Study?
A non-factual case study presents a hypothetical administrative scenario involving an ethical dilemma — a situation where:
- There is no obviously "right" answer.
- Multiple values or duties are in tension.
- A decision must be made despite uncertainty.
- The decision has significant consequences for identifiable stakeholders.
"Non-factual" means no specific factual knowledge (dates, statistics, names of schemes) is required — the test is of ethical reasoning, not memory.
2.2 The Four-Step Framework
2.3 Ethical Frameworks at a Glance
| Framework | Core Question | Strength | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consequentialism (Mill) | Which action produces the most good for the most people? | Practical; measurable | Can justify harming minorities for majority benefit |
| Deontology (Kant) | Which action fulfils my duty regardless of outcomes? | Protects individual rights absolutely | Rigid; ignores consequences |
| Virtue Ethics (Aristotle) | What would a person of excellent character do? | Holistic; character-centred | Vague; culture-dependent |
| Rawlsian Fairness | Which option protects the worst-off? | Protective of vulnerable | May sacrifice efficiency |
| Dharmic Ethics (Indian) | What is my dharmic duty in this specific role and situation? | Contextual; role-specific | Can be interpreted self-servingly |
Exam tip: In a 10-mark answer, briefly evaluate your recommended action through at least two different frameworks — this demonstrates philosophical depth.
2.4 Common Ethical Pitfalls in Case Study Answers
- Moral absolutism: Treating one framework as always correct ("Kant says X, therefore X") without acknowledging competing considerations.
- Consequentialist tunnel vision: Justifying any means by good ends — "if it reduces poverty, it's right."
- Passive inaction: Recommending "form a committee" or "consult seniors" without taking any principled position.
- Ignoring the most vulnerable: Analysing stakeholders only from the powerful's perspective.
- Personal interest rationalisation: Unconsciously choosing the option that is safest for the officer's career without acknowledging the ethical cost.