Key Points at a Glance

Social justice means the fair distribution of rights, opportunities, resources, and burdens across all members of society — especially addressing the historical disadvantage of marginalised groups; it is the ethical imperative behind India's welfare state.

Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971): Just institutions are those designed behind a "veil of ignorance" — as if we do not know our place in society. His two principles: (1) Equal basic liberties for all; (2) Inequalities are justified only if they benefit the least-advantaged group (difference principle).

Amartya Sen's Capabilities Approach — social justice requires that every person have genuine freedoms (capabilities) to live a life they have reason to value: health, education, political participation, bodily integrity. Poverty is thus not merely income deprivation but capability deprivation.

Humanitarian concerns in administration refer to the imperative to treat every human being with dignity and compassion, especially in crisis — disaster relief, conflict zones, extreme poverty, epidemic response — irrespective of caste, religion, or political affiliation.

Accountability in public administration is the obligation of officials to answer for their use of power, resources, and authority — to legislature (political), to courts (legal), to citizens (social), and to conscience (moral).

Four types of accountability: Political (to elected representatives), Administrative/Hierarchical (to superior officers), Legal (to courts and tribunals), Social (to civil society, media, RTI).

Max Weber's distinction between Zweckrationalität (Instrumental/Means-End Rationality) and Wertrationalität (Value Rationality) is central: bureaucracy operates instrumentally (rules, procedures, hierarchy), but ethical administration must be grounded in value rationality (justice, dignity, welfare).

Instrumental rationality in administration prioritises efficiency, rule-following, and measurable output — e.g., number of ration cards issued per day. It risks becoming "the banality of evil" (Hannah Arendt) when officials mechanically follow rules without moral reflection on outcomes.

Value rationality means choosing and acting on the basis of fundamental ethical values — justice, equity, compassion, dignity — even when those values conflict with procedural efficiency. It is the basis of whistle-blowing, conscientious objection, and humanitarian response.

Humanitarian accountability: International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and the UN system define minimum standards for treatment of civilians, refugees, and conflict-affected populations; domestic administrators in disaster-prone states like Rajasthan are ethically bound by analogous humanitarian norms.

Social justice vs. rule of law tension: Sometimes strict rule-following leads to unjust outcomes (e.g., evicting a drought-affected tribal family from encroached forest land strictly per court order). Ethical administration must balance legality with equity, using discretion.

Distributive justice (Aristotle) requires treating equals equally and unequals unequally in proportion to their relevant differences — the philosophical basis for reservations, progressive taxation, and targeted welfare.