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Glossary
| Term EN | Definition | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Strategic Management | Process of formulating, implementing, and evaluating strategies (Fred R. David) | Core definition |
| PESTLE Analysis | Framework scanning Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental factors | External environment |
| SWOT Analysis | Strengths, Weaknesses (internal) + Opportunities, Threats (external) — Albert Humphrey, SRI 1960s | Core tool |
| Porter's Five Forces | Industry analysis: new entrants, buyer power, supplier power, substitutes, rivalry (1979) | Industry analysis |
| Cost Leadership | Being lowest-cost producer in industry (e.g., DMart, Jio) | Generic strategy |
| Differentiation | Offering unique product/service for premium price (e.g., Apple, Taj) | Generic strategy |
| Focus Strategy | Serving narrow market segment via cost or differentiation focus | Generic strategy |
| BCG Matrix | Portfolio tool: Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks, Dogs (Bruce Henderson 1970) | Portfolio management |
| Stars (BCG) | High market growth + high market share SBUs — invest heavily | BCG quadrant |
| Cash Cows (BCG) | Low growth + high share — harvest for cash to fund Stars | BCG quadrant |
| Ansoff Matrix | Four growth strategies: Market Penetration, Market Development, Product Development, Diversification | Growth strategy |
| Mission | Current organisational purpose — what, for whom, how | Strategy foundation |
| Vision | Long-term inspirational aspiration of the organisation | Strategy foundation |
| McKinsey 7S | Implementation framework: Strategy, Structure, Systems + 4 soft S elements (1982) | Implementation |
| Balanced Scorecard | 4-perspective strategic control tool (Kaplan & Norton, 1992) | Control tool |
| Value Chain Analysis | Porter (1985) — primary + support activities creating competitive advantage | Internal analysis |
| Resource-Based View | Competitive advantage from VRIN resources (Jay Barney, 1991) | Internal analysis |
| VRIN | Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, Non-substitutable — criteria for sustainable advantage | RBV framework |
| Diversification | Entering new products + new markets; related or unrelated | Growth strategy |
| Strategic Control | Monitoring strategy execution and taking corrective action | Control type |
| Premise Control | Checking validity of planning assumptions during implementation | Control subtype |
| Transformational Leadership | Leaders who inspire employees to exceed expectations (Burns & Bass) | Implementation culture |
| Supply Chain Management | Strategic coordination from raw material to end customer; 3 flows | 2021 PYQ |
| PM GatiShakti | ₹100 lakh crore infra master plan for integrated logistics (Oct 2021) | SCM policy |
| CSR | 2% net profit on social activities — Companies Act 2013, Sec 135; India's first globally | Strategic context |