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Fayol's 14 Principles of Management
Henri Fayol (1841–1925), French industrialist, published Administration Industrielle et Générale (1916). His 14 principles remain foundational:
| # | Principle | Brief Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Division of Work | Specialization increases efficiency |
| 2 | Authority and Responsibility | Authority (right to command) must be matched by responsibility (accountability) |
| 3 | Discipline | Obedience to established rules; requires good supervision and fair penalties |
| 4 | Unity of Command | Each employee should receive orders from only one superior |
| 5 | Unity of Direction | One head and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective |
| 6 | Subordination of Individual Interest | Organisational interest takes precedence over individual interest |
| 7 | Remuneration | Fair and satisfactory compensation to employees and employers |
| 8 | Centralisation | Degree of concentration of authority — balance based on situational factors |
| 9 | Scalar Chain | Chain of superiors from top to bottom; formal line of communication and authority |
| 10 | Order | Right place for right person and right material |
| 11 | Equity | Kindness and justice in dealing with employees |
| 12 | Stability of Tenure | Long service allows efficiency; high turnover is harmful |
| 13 | Initiative | Encourage employees to originate and execute plans |
| 14 | Esprit de Corps | Harmony and unity among organisational members |