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Glossary Terms
| Term (EN) | Definition | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Fascism | Right-wing totalitarian ideology glorifying nation, violence, and strong leadership; rejects democracy and communism | Topic core |
| Nazism (National Socialism) | German fascism combining racial supremacy (Aryan), anti-Semitism, Lebensraum, Führerprinzip | Topic core |
| Totalitarianism | System of complete state control over all aspects of life; no autonomous sphere | Ideology type |
| Führerprinzip | "Leader Principle" — absolute, unquestioning obedience to Hitler | Nazi ideology |
| Lebensraum | "Living space" — Nazi doctrine of German territorial expansion eastward | Nazi ideology |
| Aryan | Nazi concept of Germanic "master race" — blond, blue-eyed Nordic peoples; pseudo-scientific racial category | Nazi ideology |
| Mein Kampf | Hitler's autobiographical manifesto (1925) — "My Struggle"; laid out racial ideology and plans | Key document |
| Enabling Act | 23 March 1933; gave Hitler dictatorial powers; ended Weimar Republic | Hitler's rise |
| Reichstag Fire | 27 Feb 1933; used to suspend civil liberties; blamed on Communists | Hitler's rise |
| Nuremberg Laws | September 1935; deprived Jews of German citizenship; banned Jewish-German intermarriage | Anti-Semitism |
| Kristallnacht | "Night of Broken Glass," 9–10 Nov 1938; Nazi pogrom: 7,500 shops, 1,400 synagogues | Anti-Semitism |
| Holocaust (Shoah) | Nazi genocide of ~6 million Jews and ~5–6 million others (1941–45) | Core topic |
| Final Solution | Nazi euphemism for the genocide of Jews; coordinated at Wannsee Conference (Jan 1942) | Holocaust |
| Auschwitz | Largest Nazi extermination camp (Poland); ~1.1 million killed | Holocaust |
| Weimar Republic | Germany's democratic government (1919–33); replaced by Nazi dictatorship | Background |
| Stab in the Back | German myth that Jewish socialists "betrayed" Germany in WWI; exploited by Nazis | Propaganda |
| Mussolini (Il Duce) | Italian fascist dictator (PM 1922–43); coined "fascism"; "the Leader" | Italian fascism |
| March on Rome | 27–28 Oct 1922; Blackshirts march on Rome; King appoints Mussolini PM | Italian fascism |
| Squadrismo | Italian Fascist paramilitary squads; attacked left-wing organisations 1919–21 | Italian fascism |
| Night of Long Knives | 30 Jun 1934; Hitler eliminates SA leadership; SS and Army consolidated | Hitler's power |
| Antisemitism | Prejudice against Jewish people; central to Nazi ideology | Core concept |
| Einsatzgruppen | Mobile SS killing squads; mass-shot Jews in occupied USSR from 1941 | Holocaust |
| Nuremberg Trials | 1945–46 international tribunal; tried Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity | Legacy |
| Appeasement | Policy of conceding to Hitler's demands (Munich Agreement 1938) to avoid war; failed | WWII cause |
| Corporatism | Fascist economic model: state-controlled bodies replacing class conflict with national unity | Italian ideology |