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Glossary Terms
| Term (EN) | Definition | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Ancien Régime | Pre-revolutionary French society: absolute monarchy + clerical First Estate + noble Second Estate | French Revolution |
| Bastille | Paris fortress-prison; stormed 14 July 1789 — symbolic start of French Revolution | PYQ likely |
| Reign of Terror | Sep 1793–Jul 1794; Robespierre; 17,000 guillotined | French Revolution |
| Sola Fide | N/A here — see T018 | — |
| Declaration of Independence | 4 July 1776; Thomas Jefferson; "all men are created equal" | American Revolution |
| No taxation without representation | Colonial American slogan against British taxation without elected representation | American Revolution |
| Boston Tea Party | 16 Dec 1773; Sons of Liberty dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbour | American Revolution |
| Spinning Jenny | 1764; James Hargreaves; spun 8–80 threads simultaneously; key textile invention | Industrial Revolution |
| Steam Engine | James Watt, 1769; separate condenser; rotary motion (1782); powered factories and railways | Industrial Revolution |
| Proletariat | Industrial working class; owns no means of production; sells labour; Marx's revolutionary class | Marxism/Russia |
| Bourgeoisie | Middle class/capitalists who own means of production; Marx's oppressor class | Marxism |
| Communist Manifesto | 1848; Marx and Engels; "Workers of the world, unite!"; called for proletarian revolution | Russian Revolution |
| Bolsheviks | Majority faction of RSDLP; Lenin's party; led October 1917 revolution | Russian Revolution |
| Mensheviks | Minority faction; believed bourgeois revolution must precede socialist revolution | Russian Revolution |
| April Theses | Lenin's 1917 programme: no support for Provisional Government; Peace, Land, Bread; All power to Soviets | Russian Revolution |
| October Revolution | 7 Nov 1917 (NS); Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd; first communist government | Russian Revolution |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | March 1918; Russia exited WWI; ceded Poland, Ukraine, Baltic states to Germany | Russian Revolution |
| Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité | Motto of French Revolution and French Republic | French Revolution |
| Luddites | 1811–16; English textile workers who smashed machinery fearing job loss | Industrial Revolution |
| Chartism | 1838–57; working-class political movement in Britain for universal male suffrage | Industrial Revolution |
| New Imperialism | Post-1880 European scramble for colonies in Africa/Asia, driven by industrial capitalism | Industrial Revolution PYQ 2023 |
| Thomas Jefferson | Primary author of the Declaration of Independence (1776); 3rd US President | American Revolution |
| Robespierre | 1758–1794; led Committee of Public Safety; Reign of Terror; guillotined 28 July 1794 | French Revolution |
| Soviet | Council of workers', soldiers', and peasants' deputies; revolutionary governing body | Russian Revolution |
| NEP (New Economic Policy) | Lenin's 1921 partial return to market economics after War Communism failed | Soviet history |