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Quick Revision Table
| Item | Key Data |
|---|---|
| Renaissance period | c. 1300–1600; origin: Florence, Italy |
| "Father of Humanism" | Petrarch (1304–74) |
| Medici patronage | Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–92) — Florence |
| Gutenberg press | c. 1440, Mainz, Germany; Gutenberg Bible 1455 |
| Books printed by 1500 | 20 million+ (incunabula era) |
| The Last Supper | Leonardo da Vinci, 1494–99; Milan; PYQ 2021 |
| Sistine Chapel | Michelangelo, 1508–12; Vatican |
| School of Athens | Raphael, 1509–11; Vatican Palace |
| The Prince | Machiavelli, 1513; "better feared than loved" |
| Heliocentric model | Copernicus, De Revolutionibus, 1543 |
| Luther's 95 Theses | 31 October 1517; Wittenberg |
| Key Luther doctrines | Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura, Universal Priesthood |
| Luther excommunicated | 1521; Diet of Worms; protected by Frederick of Saxony |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555; cuius regio, eius religio |
| Calvinism origin | Geneva; predestination; strict moral code |
| Jesuits founded | 1540; Ignatius of Loyola |
| Council of Trent | 1545–63; Catholic Counter-Reformation |
| Anglican Church created | Act of Supremacy, 1534; Henry VIII |
| Peace of Westphalia | 1648; ended Thirty Years' War; founded modern state sovereignty |