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Glossary Terms
| Term | Definition | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Renaissance | "Rebirth" — European cultural movement c. 1300–1600; revival of Greco-Roman classical learning | Topic definition |
| Humanism | Renaissance philosophy centring human reason, dignity, and potential; studia humanitatis | Core feature |
| Individualism | Renaissance celebration of individual genius and achievement; contrasted with medieval collectivism | 2-mark term |
| Universal Priesthood | Luther's doctrine: every believer has direct access to God without priestly mediation | PYQ 2023 — 2 marks |
| Sola Fide | "Faith alone" — Luther's doctrine that salvation requires only faith, not works | Reformation core |
| Sola Scriptura | "Scripture alone" — Bible is the only authority; rejects Pope and Church tradition | Reformation core |
| 95 Theses | Luther's propositions against indulgences posted at Wittenberg, 31 Oct 1517 | Reformation start |
| Indulgence | Catholic certificate for remission of sins (including purgatory time) sold for money | Root of Reformation |
| Predestination | Calvin's doctrine: God eternally determines who is saved and who is damned | Calvinism key concept |
| The Last Supper | Leonardo's fresco (1494–99, Milan) depicting Christ's last meal; PYQ 2021 | PYQ direct term |
| Gutenberg Press | Movable-type printing press, c. 1440, Mainz; transformed knowledge dissemination | Cause of Reformation |
| Act of Supremacy | 1534 English law declaring Henry VIII Supreme Head of Church of England | Anglican Reformation |
| Council of Trent | 1545–63 Catholic council that defined Counter-Reformation positions | Counter-Reformation |
| Jesuits | Society of Jesus, founded 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola; missionaries and educationists | Counter-Reformation |
| Counter-Reformation | Catholic Church's response to Protestantism: Council of Trent, Jesuits, Inquisition | Exam section |
| cuius regio, eius religio | Peace of Augsburg (1555) principle — ruler determines territory's religion | Treaty term |
| Peace of Westphalia | 1648 treaty ending Thirty Years' War; established modern state sovereignty | Political legacy |
| Linear Perspective | Mathematical technique (Brunelleschi, 1420s) for creating depth illusion in painting | Renaissance art |
| Petrarch | 1304–74; "Father of Humanism"; recovered Latin manuscripts; coined "Dark Ages" | Renaissance origin |
| Machiavelli | 1469–1527; The Prince (1513); realism in politics; "ends justify means" | Literature/politics |
| Copernicus | 1473–1543; heliocentric model (De Revolutionibus, 1543); Scientific Revolution | Science connection |
| Protestant Work Ethic | Max Weber's thesis linking Calvinist theology to capitalist accumulation | Economic impact |
| Vernacular | Common language of the people (e.g., Italian, German, English) as opposed to Latin | Renaissance literature |
| Chiaroscuro | Painting technique using strong light-dark contrast for three-dimensionality | Renaissance art |
| Sfumato | Leonardo's painting technique of blurred, smoky outlines (as in Mona Lisa) | Leonardo specifically |