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Quick Revision Table
| Item | Key Data |
|---|---|
| Princely states at independence | 562 states covering 48% territory, 33% population |
| Instrument of Accession | Ceded defence, external affairs, communications to India |
| Operation Polo | 13–17 Sep 1948; Hyderabad integrated in 108 hours; Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri |
| Junagadh plebiscite | Feb 1948; 99.95% voted for India |
| Kashmir IoA | 26 Oct 1947; Hari Singh signs after tribal invasion |
| Operation Vijay | 18–19 Dec 1961; Goa, Daman, Diu liberated |
| Andhra State (first linguistic) | 1 October 1953; triggered by Potti Sreeramulu's death |
| Fazl Ali Commission | 1953–55; Sayyid Fazl Ali, H.N. Kunzru, K.M. Panikkar |
| States Reorganisation Act | 31 Aug 1956, effective 1 Nov 1956; 14 states + 6 UTs |
| Scientific Policy Resolution | 1958; India's first formal science policy (Nehru) |
| Apsara reactor | 4 Aug 1956; Asia's first nuclear reactor at BARC |
| Pokhran-I | 18 May 1974; ~12 kt; "Smiling Buddha"; PM Indira Gandhi |
| Pokhran-II | 11–13 May 1998; 5 tests; "Operation Shakti"; PM Vajpayee |
| Aryabhata | 19 Apr 1975; India's first satellite (Soviet launch vehicle) |
| Hindu Succession Act | 1956; daughters get equal inheritance; amended 2005 (coparcenary) |
| Women's Reservation Act | 2023; 33% in Lok Sabha and state assemblies; post-delimitation |
| Female literacy | 7.9% (1951) → 65.46% (2011) → ~70.3% (NFHS-5) |
| 33% PRI reservation | 73rd/74th Amendment 1992–93; 1 million+ elected women |