Public Administration
259 key terms for this subject — each defined in plain language, with where it helps in the exam and a link to the study note it comes from.
- 11th Schedule
29 subjects transferred to PRIs; added by 73rd Amendment
Where it helps Decentralisation detail
Read the study note →- 14 Principles of Management
Fayol (1916): unity of command, division of work, scalar chain, esprit de corps, etc.
Where it helps Classical management
Read the study note →- 2nd ARC
2005–09, Veerappa Moily — 15 reports on governance, ethics, e-governance
Where it helps India governance reform
Read the study note →- 73rd Amendment
1992 — constitutionalised PRIs; 3-tier system; 11th Schedule
Where it helps India decentralisation
Read the study note →- 91st Constitutional Amendment
2003; limits Council of Ministers to 15% of legislature; min 12
Read the study note →- Acceptance Theory of Authority
Barnard: authority derives from subordinate's willingness to comply
Where it helps Barnard's contribution
Read the study note →- Accountability
Government answerable to people; legislative, judicial, and social audit
Read the study note →- ACR
Predecessor to APAR; confidential; not disclosed to officer
Read the study note →- Action Taken Report
Government's response to social audit findings
Where it helps Social audit accountability
Read the study note →- Administrative Behavior
Simon's 1947 book — foundational text of behavioural PA
Read the study note →- Administrative Behaviour
Actual decision-making patterns of administrators; Simon 1947
Read the study note →- AGIL Framework
Parsons: Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Latency
Where it helps Structural-functional
Read the study note →- Agraria (Fused)
Riggs: traditional society — one structure performs all functions
Read the study note →- AIS Conduct Rules, 1968
Conduct code for IAS/IPS/IFoS: prohibitions and obligations
Read the study note →- All India Services (AIS)
IAS, IPS, IFoS — recruited by UPSC; serve Centre and States
Read the study note →- All-Channel Network
Bavelas: everyone connected to everyone; best for complex, creative tasks
Where it helps Communication networks
Read the study note →- Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB)
Special unit of Rajasthan Police investigating corruption; works alongside Lokayukta
Read the study note →- APAR
Performance report (2009); 10-point scale; replaces ACR
Read the study note →- APNA KHATA
Rajasthan's online land records portal — digitised Khasra, Jamabandi accessible online
Where it helps Digital governance
Read the study note →- Appropriation Audit
CAG check: actual spending matches Parliament-voted grants
Read the study note →- Article 167
CM's duty to furnish information to Governor on request
Where it helps CM-Governor link
Read the study note →- Article 256
States must comply with Central laws; Centre can direct States
Read the study note →- Article 257
States must not impede Union executive power
Read the study note →- Article 263
Inter-State Council — established 1990
Where it helps Centre-State coord.
Read the study note →- Article 311
Constitutional protection — no dismissal without inquiry
Where it helps Service safeguard
Read the study note →- Article 315
Provides for the establishment of the UPSC and State Public Service Commissions.
Where it helps Recruitment framework
Read the study note →- Article 316
At least half UPSC/SPSC members must have 10-yr GoI experience
Where it helps UPSC composition
Read the study note →- Article 317
Grounds and procedure for removal of UPSC Chairman/members
Where it helps UPSC independence
Read the study note →- Article 319
UPSC members ineligible for further government employment
Read the study note →- Article 324
Constitutional provision vesting the superintendence, direction, and control of elections in the Election Commission of India
Where it helps Election Commission powers
Read the study note →- Ashok Mehta Committee
1977; specialists should head technical departments
Read the study note →- Audi Alteram Partem
Natural justice: both sides must be heard before decision
Read the study note →- Authority
Power to make decisions and give orders; can be delegated
Where it helps Delegation element
Read the study note →- Bharat Darshan
IAS/AIS probationers' nationwide exposure tour during training
Read the study note →- Board of Revenue
Highest revenue court; headquartered Ajmer; Raj. BOR Act 1949
Read the study note →- Bounded Rationality
Simon's concept: decision-makers have limited information, time, and cognitive capacity
Where it helps Behavioural phase
Read the study note →- Bureaucracy (Weber)
Ideal-type organisation: hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, merit selection
Read the study note →- Cadre System
CPC members who hold leadership positions; assessed on performance, stability, loyalty
Read the study note →- CAG
Art. 148 — supreme audit authority; "guardian of public purse"
Read the study note →- CAT
Article 323A; service matters of Central Government employees
Where it helps Judicial control
Read the study note →- CCS Conduct Rules, 1964
Conduct code for all other Central Government employees
Read the study note →- Centralisation
Concentration of decision-making at apex of organisation/government
Where it helps 5-mark comparison
Read the study note →- Certiorari
Writ to quash inferior tribunal's ultra vires decision
Read the study note →- Chancellor
Governor's role as head of all state universities; independent university powers
Read the study note →- Charged Expenditure
Expenditure charged to Consolidated Fund; not subject to Parliament vote
Where it helps CAG, SC salaries
Read the study note →- Chief Minister
Real executive head; leads Council of Ministers; accountable to Vidhan Sabha
Read the study note →- Chief Secretary
Senior-most IAS; head of state bureaucracy; CM's advisor; Cabinet coordinator
Read the study note →- Citizens' Charter
Service standards document; 2nd ARC recommended legal backing
Read the study note →- Civil Services Act
Proposed legislation to codify service rules (not yet enacted)
Read the study note →- Civil Services Board
2014 body; consulted before transfers of AIS officers
Where it helps Transfer protection
Read the study note →- Civil Services Examination
UPSC annual exam: Prelim + Mains + Interview; selects ~1,000
Read the study note →- Cohabitation
French system where President and PM are from different political parties
Where it helps France 5th Republic
Read the study note →- Collective Responsibility
All cabinet ministers publicly defend government decisions; resign if unable to
Where it helps UK/India feature
Read the study note →- Communication
Transmission of information, ideas, instructions between individuals or groups
Read the study note →- Communist Party of China (CPC)
Sole ruling party of China since 1949; controls all administrative levels
Read the study note →- Comparative Administration Group (CAG)
Founded 1960 by Fred Riggs under Ford Foundation; pioneered comparative PA scholarship
Read the study note →- Comparative Public Administration
Study of administrative systems across nations to find patterns and best practices
Where it helps CPA intro 2-mark
Read the study note →- Consideration
Ohio State dimension: relationship orientation — trust, concern for people
Where it helps Behavioral leadership
Read the study note →- Cooperative Federalism
Model of Centre–State partnership; NITI Aayog's stated approach
Read the study note →- Coordination
Integrating different units toward common goal without duplication
Where it helps Follett's 4 principles
Read the study note →- COPU
22-member committee examining PSU performance and accounts
Where it helps Financial control
Read the study note →- Council of Ministers
Body of Cabinet + MoS + Deputy ministers; advise Governor; max 15% of MLAs
Read the study note →- Cut Motion
Motion to reduce Demand for Grants; signals disapproval
Read the study note →- CVC
CVC Act 2003; independent vigilance body; advises on Group A discipline
Where it helps Executive control
Read the study note →- DDMA
District Disaster Management Authority; Collector is Chair; DM Act 2005
Where it helps Disaster management
Read the study note →- Decentralisation
Systematic dispersal of authority to lower levels
Where it helps 73rd/74th Amendment
Read the study note →- Deconcentration
Transfer of authority to field offices within same level
Where it helps Type of decentralisation
Read the study note →- Delegated Legislation
Rules/notifications made by executive under parent Act; subject to judicial review
Where it helps Legislative control
Read the study note →- Delegation
Assignment of authority and responsibility from superior to subordinate
Where it helps 5-mark process Q
Read the study note →- DEO
District Election Officer — Collector's election management role
Read the study note →- Devolution
Transfer of authority to elected local bodies
Where it helps True decentralisation
Read the study note →- DGP
Director General of Police; senior-most IPS officer in state; heads Rajasthan Police
Where it helps Police hierarchy
Read the study note →- Differential Piece Rate
High performers paid more per piece; Taylor's incentive system
Where it helps Scientific Management
Read the study note →- Directorate
Implementing arm of government; executes policies under Secretariat
Read the study note →- Discretionary Powers
Powers exercised by Governor independently without CM's advice
Read the study note →- DISHA Committee
District Development Coordination Committee — MP/MLA chairs; Collector coordinates
Where it helps Rajasthan coordination
Read the study note →- DISHA
District Development Coordination and Monitoring Committee; Collector + MP chair
Where it helps Development body
Read the study note →- District Collector
IAS officer; head of district administration; combines DM + revenue + development roles
Read the study note →- District Magistrate (DM)
The magisterial role of the Collector — law and order under BNSS/CrPC
Where it helps DM vs SP distinction
Read the study note →- Divisible Pool
Central taxes shared between Centre and States per Finance Commission
Read the study note →- Divisional Commissioner
IAS officer heading a division (7 in Rajasthan); supervises Collectors
Read the study note →- Domain Specialisation
Proposal to assign officers to specific ministry sectors for careers
Where it helps Personnel reform
Read the study note →- Downward Communication
Orders and policies from superiors to subordinates
Read the study note →- DPC (District Planning Committee)
Constitutional body (Article 243ZD); integrates PRI + urban plans
Read the study note →- DPC
Committee (UPSC member chairs for Gp A) that decides promotions
Read the study note →- E-governance
Use of ICT to deliver government services efficiently; DigiLocker, UMANG, GeM
Where it helps Governance reform
Read the study note →- e-Mitra
Rajasthan's single-window service delivery platform
Where it helps Rajasthan e-governance
Read the study note →- Ecological Approach
Riggs: PA must be studied in context of its social-cultural environment
Read the study note →- Election Commission
Art. 324 — superintends, directs, controls elections
Where it helps Free & fair elections
Read the study note →- ENA / INSP
France's elite civil service school (1945–2022/renamed); produced presidents and top officials
Read the study note →- Esprit de Corps
Fayol's 14th principle: team spirit, solidarity, pride in organisation
Where it helps High morale indicator
Read the study note →- Estimates Committee
30 LS members; pre-audit; ruling party chair
Where it helps Financial control
Read the study note →- EVM
Electronic Voting Machine; used nationwide since 2004 general elections
Read the study note →- Executive Control
Political executive and hierarchy supervising bureaucracy
Read the study note →- Fiedler's Contingency
Leadership effectiveness depends on match between style and situational favourableness
Where it helps Situational theory
Read the study note →- Finance Commission
Art. 280 — recommends Centre–State tax distribution
Where it helps Fiscal federalism
Read the study note →- First ARC
1966–70; Morarji Desai; 20 reports; recommended PMO, DOPT
Read the study note →- Flat Organisation
Few levels; wide span; more autonomy; NPM-favoured
Where it helps Organisation design
Read the study note →- Formalism
Riggs: gap between formal rules and actual administrative practice
Where it helps Prismatic society feature
Read the study note →- FR 56(j)
Rule allowing compulsory retirement of non-performing officers at 25 years
Read the study note →- Functional Authority
Authority of staff officers to issue technical directives to line
Read the study note →- Gangplank (Fayol)
Direct horizontal communication allowed for urgency; superiors informed
Where it helps Exception to scalar chain
Read the study note →- Generalist
IAS officer with broad administrative skills, rotates departments
Read the study note →- Girdawari
Biannual (Kharif + Rabi) field inspection by Patwari; records crop details
Where it helps Revenue function
Read the study note →- Goal Displacement
Merton: means (rules) become ends; original goals are forgotten
Where it helps Bureaucratic dysfunction
Read the study note →- Good Governance
UNDP 1997: 8 dimensions — participation, transparency, accountability, rule of law, etc.
Read the study note →- Governor
Constitutional head of a state; appointed by President under Art. 155; 5-year term
Read the study note →- Graicunas Formula
Relationships grow exponentially with subordinates (1933)
Where it helps Specific quantitative fact
Read the study note →- Grapevine
Informal, spontaneous communication; Keith Davis 1953 — faster than formal
Where it helps Informal communication
Read the study note →- Guanxi (关系)
Chinese concept of personal relationships and networks facilitating bureaucratic dealings
Where it helps Cultural feature
Read the study note →- Guokao (国考)
China's national civil service examination; world's most competitive (2–3 million/year)
Read the study note →- Habeas Corpus
Writ to release from illegal detention
Read the study note →- Halka
Patwari's working area — typically 5–15 villages
Read the study note →- Hatch Act
1939 US law prohibiting federal employees from active political campaigning
Where it helps US CS neutrality
Read the study note →- Hawthorne Effect
Worker productivity rises when they know they are being observed; Mayo 1927–32
Read the study note →- HCM RIPA
Harish Chandra Mathur Rajasthan Institute of Public Administration — state training institute
Where it helps Rajasthan admin training
Read the study note →- Hierarchy
Graded arrangement of authority from top to bottom of organisation
Where it helps Core organisation concept
Read the study note →- Horizontal Devolution
Distribution among States; uses population, income, area criteria
Where it helps Finance Commission
Read the study note →- Hota Committee
2004; P.C. Hota; recommended domain specialisation and APAR reform
Where it helps Personnel reform
Read the study note →- Indra Sawhney (1992)
SC case; 50% ceiling on reservations; Mandal Commission
Read the study note →- Industria (Diffracted)
Riggs: modern Western society — specialised, differentiated agencies
Read the study note →- Informal Organisation
Unofficial relationships, groups, and norms within a formal organisation
Read the study note →- Initiating Structure
Ohio State dimension: task orientation — defining roles, organising
Where it helps Behavioral leadership
Read the study note →- Inter-State Council
PM-chaired coordination body; all CMs members; rare meetings
Read the study note →- Jamabandi
Record of Rights — consolidated statement of ownership and cultivation; updated every 5 years
Read the study note →- Jan Soochna Portal
Rajasthan's transparency initiative — 100+ scheme data publicly accessible
Where it helps Rajasthan example
Read the study note →- Jan Sunwai
Public hearing where community presents audit findings
Where it helps Social audit process
Read the study note →- Judicial Control
Courts supervising administrative actions for legality
Read the study note →- Judicial Review
Courts examining constitutionality and legality of admin actions
Where it helps Judicial control
Read the study note →- Keju (科举)
Chinese imperial civil service exam system (605–1905 AD); world's longest
Where it helps Civil service history
Read the study note →- Khasra
Field-level land register — records each plot's area, use, owner, tenant, crop
Read the study note →- Khatauni
Cultivation register showing who is cultivating which plots
Read the study note →- L. Chandra Kumar
1997 SC case; CAT appeals to HC; superior court jurisdiction inalienable
Read the study note →- LARR Act 2013
Right to Fair Compensation in Land Acquisition; Collector determines compensation
Where it helps Land acquisition
Read the study note →- Lateral Entry
Appointment of specialists to senior civil service posts bypassing UPSC
Where it helps Personnel reform
Read the study note →- LBSNAA
IAS training academy, Mussoorie; Foundation Course 16 weeks
Read the study note →- Leader-Member Relations
Degree of trust and respect between followers and the leader; one of Fiedler's three situational variables
Where it helps Fiedler variable
Read the study note →- Leadership
Capacity to influence and guide others toward organisational goals
Read the study note →- Legislative Control
Parliament's supervision of executive administration
Read the study note →- Likert's System 4
Participative-group leadership — full trust, mutual goal-setting; ideal system
Read the study note →- Line Organisation
Direct executive authority from top to bottom; carries out primary mission
Where it helps Organisation type
Read the study note →- Locus Standi
Right to bring a case to court; liberalised by PIL
Read the study note →- Lokayukta
State-level ombudsman; investigates maladministration; Raj. Act 1973
Read the study note →- Lokpal
Anti-corruption ombudsman at national level; Lokpal Act 2013
Where it helps Accountability institution
Read the study note →- LPC Scale
Least Preferred Co-worker — Fiedler's measure of leadership style
Where it helps Fiedler's measure
Read the study note →- Maladministration
Improper, unjust, oppressive or negligent conduct by a public official
Where it helps Lokayukta ground
Read the study note →- Managerial Grid
Blake-Mouton 1964: 9×9 matrix; 9,9 (Team) = ideal for PA
Where it helps 5-mark comparison
Read the study note →- Mandamus
Writ to compel performance of public duty
Read the study note →- Merit-cum-Seniority
Promotion principle: merit primarily, seniority as tiebreaker
Read the study note →- MGNREGS
100-day employment guarantee; Collector supervises at district level
Where it helps Development scheme
Read the study note →- Ministerial Responsibility
Minister accountable to Parliament for department's actions
Read the study note →- MKSS
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan — Aruna Roy — pioneered RTI through Jan Sunwai
Where it helps India RTI movement
Read the study note →- Model Code of Conduct
ECI-enforced rules during elections; non-statutory but binding
Read the study note →- Morale
Collective attitude, enthusiasm, and sense of purpose of a group
Read the study note →- Mutation (Naamantaran)
Transfer of land records in revenue register upon sale/inheritance
Read the study note →- Naib-Tehsildar
Sub-tehsil revenue officer; assists Tehsildar
Where it helps Revenue hierarchy
Read the study note →- Natural Justice
Audi alteram partem + Nemo judex; fairness in admin proceedings
Where it helps Judicial control
Read the study note →- Neutrality
Civil servant's impartial service to government of the day
Where it helps Civil service ethic
Read the study note →- New Public Administration (NPA)
Post-1968 movement demanding social equity, relevance, values in PA
Where it helps Minnowbrook, Frederickson
Read the study note →- New Public Management (NPM)
Market-oriented reform movement in PA; Hood 1991; privatisation, performance measurement
Read the study note →- New Public Service (NPS)
Denhardts 2003: serve not steer; democratic values over market efficiency
Read the study note →- Next Steps Initiative
1988 UK reform creating executive agencies for service delivery separate from policy
Read the study note →- NITI Aayog
Executive think-tank (2015); replaced Planning Commission; PM chairs
Where it helps Cooperative federalism
Read the study note →- Northcote-Trevelyan
1854 UK report establishing permanent, merit-based civil service
Where it helps Neutrality origin
Read the study note →- Northcote–Trevelyan Report
1854 UK report founding merit-based, permanent, neutral civil service
Where it helps UK admin — India link
Read the study note →- NPM
New Public Management — market principles in public admin (1990s)
Read the study note →- NSA (National Security Act)
1980; preventive detention up to 12 months; DM can order
Where it helps Preventive detention
Read the study note →- Ombudsman
Independent official who investigates public complaints against government
Read the study note →- Ordinance
Law promulgated by Governor when Assembly not in session; under Article 213
Where it helps Governor's power
Read the study note →- PAC
Parliamentary committee that examines CAG reports
Where it helps Post-audit control
Read the study note →- Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad
Read the study note →- Participation
One of UNDP's 8 governance dimensions — all citizens have voice
Read the study note →- Path-Goal Theory
House 1971: leaders help subordinates achieve goals; 4 styles
Where it helps Situational theory
Read the study note →- Patwari
Grass-roots revenue official; maintains land records for Halka
Where it helps Key revenue official
Read the study note →- Paul Appleby
American PA expert; 1953/56 India reports; defended generalists
Read the study note →- Pendleton Act
1883 US law introducing merit-based civil service examinations
Read the study note →- Performance Audit
CAG assessment of whether public money achieved intended outcomes
Read the study note →- Permanent Secretary
UK's top career civil servant heading each department; politically neutral
Read the study note →- PIL
Any citizen's petition in public interest; liberalised locus standi
Where it helps Judicial control
Read the study note →- Planning Commission
1950–2014; made Five-Year Plans; allocated plan funds
Where it helps Replaced by NITI
Read the study note →- Police Act 2007
Rajasthan Police Act replacing 1861 Act; created State Police Board, complaints authority
Read the study note →- Politics–Admin Dichotomy
Wilson/Goodnow view that politics sets policy; administration executes it
Read the study note →- Poly-normativism
Riggs: coexistence of multiple, competing value systems in a prismatic society
Where it helps Prismatic society feature
Read the study note →- POSDCORB
Gulick's acronym: Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, Budgeting
Read the study note →- PPP Model
Public-Private Partnership — NPM-inspired service delivery mechanism
Read the study note →- Prakash Singh Case
2006 Supreme Court judgment mandating police reforms including SP's 2-year minimum tenure
Where it helps Police-civilian relation
Read the study note →- President's Rule
Article 356 — federal imposition of Centre rule in a State
Where it helps Centre-State tension
Read the study note →- Prismatic Society
Riggs: developing countries — mix of modern and traditional
Read the study note →- Prismatic Theory
Fred Riggs' model: developing societies have fused traditional + modern admin features
Read the study note →- Probation
Initial 2-year service period before permanent confirmation
Read the study note →- Prohibition
Writ preventing inferior tribunal from exceeding jurisdiction
Read the study note →- Prorogation
Ending a session of the legislature without dissolving it
Where it helps Legislative powers
Read the study note →- Préfet (Prefect)
Centrally appointed head of French department; represents national government
Where it helps Compare Collector
Read the study note →- Public Administration
Art and science of managing public affairs and implementing government policy
Read the study note →- Punchhi Commission
2007–10; M.M. Punchhi; reviewed Sarkaria in coalition era
Read the study note →- Question Hour
Daily Parliament hour; oral/written questions to ministers
Read the study note →- Quo Warranto
Writ challenging right to hold public office
Read the study note →- Rajasthan Tenancy Act
1955; protects tenants and tribal land from alienation
Where it helps Revenue legislation
Read the study note →- Reinventing Government
Osborne & Gaebler (1992) — government should steer, not row; entrepreneurial spirit
Where it helps NPM popularisation
Read the study note →- Responsibility
Obligation to perform a duty; cannot be delegated
Where it helps Fundamental principle
Read the study note →- Right to Hearing Act
2012 Rajasthan law; 21-day hearing mandate; reasoned orders mandatory
Read the study note →- Right to Public Services
2011 Rajasthan law; timely delivery of notified services; auto-appeal if delayed
Read the study note →- RPSC
Constitutional body (Art. 315); Ajmer; conducts Group A&B recruitment exams
Where it helps Constitutional body
Read the study note →- RTI Act 2005
Right to Information — citizens can demand government information
Read the study note →- S.R. Bommai (1994)
SC — President's Rule subject to judicial review; floor test required
Read the study note →- Sala Model
Riggs' term for prismatic society's administrative sub-system — formal rules, informal practice
Where it helps CPA developing countries
Read the study note →- Sala
Riggs: administrative unit in prismatic society (Spanish for 'office')
Read the study note →- Sarkaria Commission
1983–87; R.S. Sarkaria; 247 recommendations on Centre-State relations
Read the study note →- Satisficing
Simon: choosing the first good-enough option rather than the optimal one
Where it helps Behavioural theory
Read the study note →- SAU
Independent State-level Social Audit Unit for MGNREGS
Where it helps Social audit mechanism
Read the study note →- Scalar Chain
Clear line of authority from top to bottom of organisation
Read the study note →- Scientific Management
Taylor's 1911 approach: apply scientific methods to work — time-motion study, standardisation
Read the study note →- Second ARC
2005–08; Moily; 15 reports; wide-ranging reforms
Read the study note →- Secretariat
Apex policy-making body of state government; IAS officers assist ministers
Read the study note →- Section 163 BNSS
Prohibitory orders (formerly 144 CrPC); DM can ban assembly of 5+ in emergencies
Read the study note →- Selective Perception
Filtering information to match existing beliefs; psychological barrier
Read the study note →- Self-actualisation
Maslow's highest need: realising one's full potential and creativity
Read the study note →- Semantic Barrier
Communication failure due to jargon, ambiguity, or language differences
Read the study note →- Semi-Presidential System
Dual executive: President holds executive powers; PM accountable to parliament (France)
Read the study note →- Senior Executive Service
Elite corps of ~8,000 senior US federal managers; created by Civil Service Reform Act 1978
Where it helps USA civil service
Read the study note →- Situational Leadership
Hersey-Blanchard 1969: match style to follower maturity M1→M4
Where it helps Applied leadership
Read the study note →- Social Audit
Community-based audit of government programmes; MGNREGS model
Where it helps NPS/accountability
Read the study note →- Social Equity
Frederickson's NPA demand: PA must actively reduce inequality
Read the study note →- Span of Control
Number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise
Where it helps Graicunas formula
Read the study note →- SPARROW
Smart Performance Appraisal Report Recording Online Window
Read the study note →- Specialist
Domain expert (engineer, doctor, economist) in administration
Read the study note →- Spoils System
Appointing party loyalists to government jobs after electoral victory (USA 1829–1883)
Where it helps USA civil service
Read the study note →- SPSC
State-level equivalent of UPSC under Art. 315
Read the study note →- Staff Organisation
Advisory; provides specialist expertise to line; no direct command
Where it helps Organisation type
Read the study note →- State Council
China's cabinet; highest executive organ; led by Premier; oversees 26 ministries
Read the study note →- Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO)
Collector's representative at sub-division; first appeal for revenue
Where it helps Intermediate level
Read the study note →- Suo Motu
On one's own initiative without a complaint; Lokpal lacks this power
Where it helps Lokpal limitation
Read the study note →- Superintendent of Police (SP)
Senior-most IPS officer in district; operational police command
Read the study note →- Tall Organisation
Many hierarchical levels; narrow span of control
Where it helps Organisation design
Read the study note →- Tehsildar
RAS officer; primary revenue official at Tehsil; processes mutations
Read the study note →- Theory X
McGregor: workers are lazy, need control and coercion
Where it helps Authoritarian management
Read the study note →- Theory Y
McGregor: workers are self-motivated, respond to participation
Where it helps Democratic management
Read the study note →- Time-and-Motion Study
Systematic observation of tasks to find the most efficient method
Where it helps Taylor's key tool
Read the study note →- Trained Incapacity
Merton: skills learned in one context become liability in another
Where it helps Bureaucratic dysfunction
Read the study note →- Trait Theory
Leaders possess innate traits — intelligence, confidence; Stogdill 1948
Read the study note →- Transactional Leadership
Burns 1978: exchange-based — rewards for compliance; routine admin
Where it helps Contrast with transformational
Read the study note →- Transformational Leadership
Burns 1978: inspire beyond self-interest through vision and values
Where it helps Reform leadership
Read the study note →- Transparency
Freely available government information; RTI Act 2005 in India
Read the study note →- Ultra Vires
Beyond powers — admin acts beyond statutory authority
Read the study note →- Unity of Command
Each employee should receive orders from only one superior
Read the study note →- Unity of Direction
One head, one plan for each organisational activity (Fayol)
Where it helps Distinguish from unity of command
Read the study note →- UPSC
Constitutional body (Art. 315) for civil service recruitment and advice
Where it helps Recruitment, promotions
Read the study note →- Upward Communication
Feedback, reports, grievances from subordinates to superiors
Read the study note →- Value for Money (VFM)
NPM principle: public services should be economical, efficient, and effective
Read the study note →- Vertical Devolution
Centre to States tax share; decided by Finance Commission
Where it helps Fiscal federalism
Read the study note →- Vidhan Sabha
Rajasthan's unicameral legislature; 200 members; CM accountable to it
Read the study note →- Vigilance Clearance
Certification of no pending major disciplinary/criminal case
Read the study note →- Vote on Account
Article 116; Parliament's advance grant before full Budget
Read the study note →- VVPAT
Paper slip confirming vote cast; added to EVMs 2013
Where it helps ECI verification
Read the study note →- Westminster Model
UK parliamentary system: fusion of executive-legislature, collective cabinet responsibility
Read the study note →- Wheel Network
Bavelas 1950: all communicate through central person; fastest for simple tasks
Where it helps Communication networks
Read the study note →- Zero Hour
Post-1962 Indian practice; urgent matters without notice
Read the study note →- Zone of Indifference
Barnard: range of orders a subordinate will accept without question
Where it helps Acceptance theory
Read the study note →- Énarques
Graduates of ENA; France's elite civil servant class
Read the study note →