Ethics
232 key terms for this subject — each defined in plain language, with where it helps in the exam and a link to the study note it comes from.
- 2nd ARC
Second Administrative Reforms Commission — Ethics in Governance Report 2007
Read the study note →- Abhyasa
Repeated practice for cultivating virtues — Gita 6.35
Where it helps Virtue formation
Read the study note →- Academic Integrity
Anti-plagiarism, fair grading — micro-culture of honesty
Where it helps Education culture
Read the study note →- Accountability Gap
Diffusion of moral responsibility when AI causes harm across many actors
Where it helps "Problem of many hands"
Read the study note →- Accountability
Being answerable for actions and decisions to citizens
Read the study note →- Advaita Vedanta
Shankaracharya's non-dualist reading of Gita — atman = Brahman
Where it helps Philosophical school
Read the study note →- Agami Karma
Karma created by current intentional actions
Where it helps Decision accountability
Read the study note →- Ahimsa Paramo Dharma
"Non-violence is the supreme dharma" — from Mahabharata; Gandhi's guiding motto
Read the study note →- Ahimsa
Non-violence including structural, policy-level non-harm — Gandhi
Where it helps Ethics framework
Read the study note →- AIS Conduct Rules 1968
Rules governing IAS/IPS/IFS officers' conduct — prohibit conflict of interest, corrupt activities
Where it helps Legal basis for ethical conduct
Read the study note →- AIS Conduct Rules
All India Services (Conduct) Rules 1968 — regulates civil servant behaviour
Where it helps Regulatory reference
Read the study note →- Algorithm
Step-by-step computational procedure; rules AI follows to reach decisions
Read the study note →- Algorithmic Bias
Systematic unfairness in AI outputs due to biased training data
Where it helps Welfare/policing context
Read the study note →- Algorithmic Impact Assessment
Pre-deployment audit of AI for bias, fairness, and rights-risks
Where it helps Canada model, India needed
Read the study note →- Anasaktiyoga
Gandhi's Gita interpretation — gospel of selfless action (1929)
Where it helps Gandhi-Gita link
Read the study note →- Answerability
Duty to report and explain decisions; component of accountability
Where it helps RTI, audit reports
Read the study note →- Antyodaya
Welfare of the last person in the queue — Gandhi's policy test
Where it helps Priority-setting
Read the study note →- Artha
Material prosperity; political power — legitimate within Dharma
Read the study note →- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Machine systems that simulate human cognitive functions — learning, reasoning, decision-making
Read the study note →- Asuri Sampat
Demonic qualities: arrogance, anger, untruth (Ch. 16)
Where it helps Character failure
Read the study note →- Atithi Devo Bhava
"Guest is God" — Indian hospitality as value-practice
Where it helps Cultural tradition
Read the study note →- Banality of Evil
Arendt: ordinary people commit atrocities through thoughtless compliance, not malice
Where it helps Warning for bureaucrats
Read the study note →- Bhagavad Gita
18-chapter, 700-verse dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna; part of Mahabharata's Bhishma Parva
Read the study note →- Bhakti Marga
Path of devotion to liberation
Read the study note →- Bharat Darshan
LBSNAA village immersion programme for IAS probationers
Where it helps Civil service training
Read the study note →- Bhoodan
Land gift movement by Vinoba Bhave — voluntary redistribution of land
Where it helps Sarvodaya in practice
Read the study note →- Black-Box AI
AI model whose internal workings cannot be interpreted even by its creators
Where it helps Due process violation
Read the study note →- Bureaucratic Accountability
Officials answering for decisions and resource use through multiple oversight channels
Where it helps Topic core concept
Read the study note →- CAG
Comptroller and Auditor General — financial accountability of government
Where it helps Accountability Q
Read the study note →- Capabilities Approach
Sen/Nussbaum: justice requires substantive freedoms to live valued lives
Where it helps Poverty beyond income
Read the study note →- Capability Deprivation
Sen: poverty as lack of substantive freedoms — health, education, participation
Where it helps HDI, welfare design
Read the study note →- Categorical Imperative
Kant's supreme moral principle: act only on universalisable maxims
Where it helps PYQ 2021 (5m), 2023 (2m)
Read the study note →- Categorical vs Hypothetical Imperative
Categorical: unconditional duty; Hypothetical: if-then conditional ("if you want X, do Y")
Where it helps Kant distinction
Read the study note →- Central Information Commission
Apex appellate body under RTI Act for Central government bodies
Read the study note →- Citizens' Charter
Document committing public agency to service standards, timelines, and grievance redressal
Where it helps Service accountability
Read the study note →- Civil Disobedience
Deliberate, non-violent breaking of unjust laws; accepting legal consequence
Read the study note →- Civil Society
NGOs, voluntary organisations that transmit civic and ethical values
Read the study note →- Cognitive Empathy
Ability to understand another's perspective — taught, not innate
Read the study note →- Communicative Rationality
Habermas: social action oriented to mutual understanding through reasoned dialogue
Where it helps Jan Sunwai, social audit
Read the study note →- Compassion Deficit
AI's inability to feel empathy for vulnerable citizens
Where it helps Widow pension, drought relief
Read the study note →- Conflict of Interest
Personal interest may bias official decision
Where it helps COI management Q
Read the study note →- Conscience
Moral faculty enabling judgment of right/wrong, integrating reason and empathy
Where it helps Foundation of ethics
Read the study note →- Consequentialism
Ethics based on outcomes; rightness determined by consequences
Read the study note →- Consequentialist Ethics
An act is right if it produces best outcomes — Bentham/Mill
Where it helps Policy evaluation
Read the study note →- Constitutional Morality
Upholding constitutional values over popular sentiment — Ambedkar
Where it helps Rights protection
Read the study note →- Constitutional Values
Democracy, equality, justice, fraternity — NEP 2020 mandates teaching
Read the study note →- Constructive Programme
18-point social reconstruction programme — Harijan, khadi, communal harmony
Where it helps Direct action alternative
Read the study note →- Conventional Morality
Ethics driven by social approval and rule-following
Where it helps Kohlberg Stage 3–4
Read the study note →- Corrective Justice
Rectifying historical wrongs by compensating the previously disadvantaged
Where it helps Reparative affirmative action
Read the study note →- CrPC Section 144
Magistrate's power to impose prohibitory orders to prevent public nuisance/danger
Where it helps Communal tension cases
Read the study note →- CVC
Central Vigilance Commission — integrity and anti-corruption oversight
Where it helps Anti-corruption Q
Read the study note →- Daivi Sampat
Divine qualities: fearlessness, truth, compassion, non-anger (Ch. 16)
Read the study note →- Danda
Proportional, impartial punishment as tool of justice — Kautilya
Read the study note →- Daridra Narayana
Vivekananda: God manifest in the poor; serving poor = serving God
Where it helps Practical Vedanta
Read the study note →- Deep Fake
AI-generated synthetic media (video/audio) of real persons saying/doing false things
Where it helps Digital democracy threat
Read the study note →- Dehumanisation
Treating citizens as data points, stripping them of rights and dignity
Where it helps AI risk in welfare
Read the study note →- Deontological Ethics
Ethics based on duty/rules regardless of outcomes — Kant
Where it helps Ethical framework
Read the study note →- Deontology
Ethics based on duty/rules intrinsic to acts, not consequences
Read the study note →- Deva Rin
Debt to Nature/Gods — repaid through environmental stewardship
Where it helps Environmental ethics
Read the study note →- Dharma
Righteous duty; cosmic-social order; ethical conduct
Where it helps Primary Purushartha
Read the study note →- Difference Principle
Rawls: inequalities justified only if they benefit the least advantaged
Where it helps Welfare state ethics
Read the study note →- Digital Personal Data Protection Act
2023 Act governing data collection and processing in India
Where it helps AI data governance
Read the study note →- Disinformation
Deliberately false information spread to deceive; distinct from misinformation (unintentional)
Where it helps Digital media challenge
Read the study note →- Distributive Justice
Aristotle's principle of proportional allocation based on relevant differences
Where it helps Reservations, progressive taxation
Read the study note →- Divestiture
Disposing of conflicting financial interests
Read the study note →- Echo Chamber
Algorithmic environment reinforcing existing beliefs by filtering contrary views
Where it helps Social media risk
Read the study note →- Eightfold Path
Buddha: eight-fold discipline for liberation — right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration
Read the study note →- Emotional Intelligence
Ability to perceive, manage, and reason with emotions — Goleman
Read the study note →- Empathy (EI)
Understanding others' emotional states
Read the study note →- Empathy
Understanding and sharing the feelings of another; essential for citizen-centred service
Where it helps Service delivery Q
Read the study note →- Equanimity
Mental state of calmness, composure, and evenness in all circumstances
Where it helps Sthitaprajna quality
Read the study note →- Ethical Dilemma
Situation where two or more ethical values/duties are in irreconcilable tension
Read the study note →- Ethics
Systematic study of moral principles guiding right conduct
Where it helps Foundation of Unit 1
Read the study note →- Eudaimonia
Aristotle: flourishing; activity of soul in accordance with virtue over complete life
Where it helps Virtue ethics goal
Read the study note →- Exclusion Error
AI incorrectly excluding eligible beneficiaries from welfare
Where it helps DBT, Aadhaar example
Read the study note →- Explainability (XAI)
AI system's ability to articulate reasons for its outputs in human-understandable terms
Where it helps Natural justice link
Read the study note →- Fiduciary Duty
Trustee-like obligation: public servants hold power in trust for citizens
Where it helps Public life ethics Q
Read the study note →- Four Cardinal Virtues
Plato: Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice
Read the study note →- Fourth Estate
Term for the press/media as independent power in liberal democracy
Read the study note →- FRA (Forest Rights Act)
2006 Act recognising tribal communities' rights over forest land
Where it helps Tribal land cases
Read the study note →- Fraternity
Sense of brotherhood/sisterhood among citizens — Ambedkar
Read the study note →- Gandhi's Talisman
Will this benefit the poorest citizen? — integrity + impartiality check
Where it helps Ethical heuristic
Read the study note →- Gita Rahasya
Bal Gangadhar Tilak's 1915 commentary emphasising karma yoga for national action
Where it helps Historical reading
Read the study note →- Golden Mean
Aristotle: virtue as mean between excess and deficiency
Read the study note →- Goodwill (Guter Wille)
Kant: only thing good without qualification; acting from duty, not inclination
Read the study note →- Gram Swaraj
Village self-governance as ideal political unit
Where it helps Art 40, 73rd Amdt
Read the study note →- Guru-Shishya Parampara
Traditional teacher-student moral relationship; holistic learning
Where it helps Indian tradition
Read the study note →- Gurukul
Ancient Indian residential school integrating knowledge, character, skills
Where it helps Education tradition
Read the study note →- Harijan
Gandhi's term for untouchables — "children of God"; also his journal name
Where it helps Constructive Programme
Read the study note →- Harm Principle
Mill: state power justified only to prevent harm to others (not for own good)
Read the study note →- Hidden Curriculum
Unwritten lessons from institutional culture (Philip Jackson)
Read the study note →- Hind Swaraj
Gandhi's 1909 manifesto — critique of modern civilisation; true independence
Read the study note →- Human Values
Core ideals (truth, compassion, justice) giving direction to life
Read the study note →- Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)
Framework requiring human review and approval for AI decisions before effect
Where it helps High-stakes admin
Read the study note →- Humanitarian Concerns
Imperative to treat all humans with dignity/compassion in crisis, irrespective of identity
Where it helps NDMA, disaster ethics
Read the study note →- Impartiality
Serving all citizens without favour or prejudice
Read the study note →- Inaction as Moral Failure
"Do nothing" in a crisis has moral consequences equal to wrongful action
Where it helps Famine, fraud cases
Read the study note →- India AI Mission
₹10,372 crore programme for AI compute, data, safety (2024)
Read the study note →- Integrity
Alignment of stated principles and actual conduct; wholeness
Where it helps Civil service values
Read the study note →- Jan Soochna Portal
Rajasthan's 2019 portal providing 100+ scheme data proactively without RTI
Where it helps State transparency model
Read the study note →- Jnana Marga
Path of knowledge/wisdom to liberation
Read the study note →- Junzi
Confucius: exemplary person; moral ideal for ruler/administrator
Read the study note →- Kama
Desire; pleasure — legitimate within Dharma
Read the study note →- Karma Marga
Path of selfless action as route to liberation
Where it helps Admin-relevant path
Read the study note →- Karmanye Vadhikaraste
"You have a right only to action, not to the fruits" (Ch. 2.47)
Where it helps Most cited Gita verse
Read the study note →- Karmavada
Doctrine that every intentional action generates returning moral consequences
Read the study note →- Karuna
Compassion — one of Buddha's Four Brahmaviharas (divine abodes)
Read the study note →- Kurukshetra
Battlefield where Gita was revealed; metaphor for any field of duty
Read the study note →- LARR 2013
Requires SIA + 80% consent in Schedule V areas before acquisition
Where it helps Land acquisition cases
Read the study note →- LBSNAA
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie
Where it helps Training reference
Read the study note →- Liberal Society
Society based on individual liberty, rule of law, limited government, and pluralism
Where it helps Topic definition
Read the study note →- Life Divine
Aurobindo's 1939 masterwork — reconciliation of matter and spirit; divine transformation of earthly life
Read the study note →- Lokasamgraha
Welfare and cohesion of all; governance for collective good (Ch. 3.20–25)
Where it helps Governance philosophy
Read the study note →- Lokayukta
State-level administrative accountability body — Rajasthan has active Lokayukta
Where it helps State accountability
Read the study note →- Machine Learning
AI subfield where systems learn from data without being explicitly programmed
Read the study note →- Manabdharma
Humanity as the supreme religion — Tagore
Where it helps Humanist governance
Read the study note →- Means-Ends Purity
Corrupt means corrupt just ends; both must be ethical — Gandhi
Read the study note →- Means-Ends Unity
Means must be as pure as ends; corrupt means corrupt the end
Read the study note →- Media Literacy
Critical evaluation of media content; defence against value manipulation
Read the study note →- MKSS
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan — Rajasthan NGO that founded RTI movement (1990s)
Where it helps Historical significance
Read the study note →- MNREGA Ombudsman
State-level authority to receive MNREGA complaints
Where it helps Wage fraud redress
Read the study note →- Moksha
Liberation from ego-driven existence; highest spiritual aim
Read the study note →- Moral Agent
Entity capable of autonomous moral judgment and bearing moral responsibility
Read the study note →- Moral Courage
Acting on ethical principles despite personal/political cost
Read the study note →- Moral Cowardice
Yielding to pressure/convenience against one's ethical judgment
Where it helps Leads to banality of evil
Read the study note →- Moral Development
Progressive stages of ethical reasoning — Kohlberg's model
Read the study note →- Moral Habituation
Aristotle's insight: virtues are formed through repeated practice
Read the study note →- Naitik Swaraj
Inner moral self-governance — governing one's own desires
Where it helps Deeper Swaraj concept
Read the study note →- Natural Justice
Legal principle: audi alteram partem (hear both sides) + nemo judex in causa sua
Read the study note →- NCC
National Cadet Corps — discipline, patriotism, teamwork values
Read the study note →- NDMA
National Disaster Management Authority — issues guidelines for humanitarian response
Read the study note →- NEP 2020
National Education Policy 2020 — mandates ethics and value education
Where it helps Policy reference
Read the study note →- Newspaper Test
Would you be comfortable if this decision appeared on the front page?
Where it helps Integrity heuristic
Read the study note →- Nishkama Karma
Action without attachment to personal outcomes — Bhagavad Gita 3.19
Read the study note →- Niyamas
Observances in Yoga Sutras: Saucha, Santosha, Tapas, Svadhyaya
Read the study note →- Nolan Principles
7 principles of public life (UK, 1995): selflessness to leadership
Read the study note →- Non-Factual Case Study
Hypothetical ethical dilemma scenario testing applied moral reasoning
Read the study note →- Non-Partisanship
Political neutrality; serving any government without party bias
Read the study note →- NSS
National Service Scheme — community service and civic values
Read the study note →- Open Government Partnership
International initiative (70+ countries) for transparent, participatory governance; India member 2011
Where it helps Global transparency framework
Read the study note →- Paid News
Undisclosed commercial/political influence on news content; defined by PCI
Where it helps Media ethics threat
Read the study note →- Panchayati Raj
Local self-governance — civic value school for citizens
Where it helps Community values
Read the study note →- Paramartha
Highest purpose; ultimate good; Gita's moksha corresponds to this
Where it helps Teleological dimension
Read the study note →- Passive Resistance
Gandhi rejected this term — less demanding than satyagraha
Where it helps Contrast with satyagraha
Read the study note →- PESA
Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas Act — gram sabha consent for tribal areas
Where it helps Mining and land cases
Read the study note →- Phronesis
Aristotle: practical wisdom; capacity to discern right action in particular situations
Read the study note →- Pitru Rin
Debt to ancestors/parents — repaid through family duty and cultural preservation
Read the study note →- Political Neutrality
Civil servant's obligation to serve any government without partisan bias
Where it helps Non-partisanship Q
Read the study note →- Post-Conventional Morality
Ethics driven by universal principles regardless of approval
Where it helps Kohlberg Stage 5–6
Read the study note →- Prasthanatrayi
Three canonical Vedanta texts: Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, Gita
Where it helps Gita's position in philosophy
Read the study note →- Pre-Conventional Morality
Ethics driven by punishment-avoidance and self-interest
Where it helps Kohlberg Stage 1–2
Read the study note →- Preamble Values
Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty, Equality, Fraternity — constitutional basis of value rationality
Where it helps Constitutional ethics
Read the study note →- Predictive Policing
Using AI to forecast crime locations/perpetrators based on historical data
Where it helps Civil liberties risk
Read the study note →- Press Freedom
Constitutional and legal protection for media to report without government censorship
Read the study note →- Preya
The immediately pleasant but ultimately harmful — Katha Upanishad
Read the study note →- Prima Facie Duties
W.D. Ross: multiple binding duties that may conflict; strongest wins in situation
Where it helps Advanced deontology
Read the study note →- Primary Socialisation
Value formation in family, birth to ~6 years; most durable
Read the study note →- Principal-Agent Problem
When agent (bureaucrat) pursues own interest rather than principal (elected representative/public)
Where it helps Governance challenge
Read the study note →- Proactive Disclosure
Section 4 of RTI — publish 17 categories without being asked
Where it helps Transparency best practice
Read the study note →- Probity
Complete uprightness beyond legality; financial + procedural + moral
Where it helps Ethics standard Q
Read the study note →- Proportionality
Principle that administrative response must be proportionate to the gravity of the issue
Where it helps Conscience vs. algorithm
Read the study note →- Public Sphere
Habermas's concept — space for rational public deliberation; media is its primary forum
Where it helps Liberal democracy theory
Read the study note →- Purushartha
Four aims of life: Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha
Read the study note →- Rajdharma
Ruler's ethical obligation to ensure justice and welfare — Kautilya
Read the study note →- Ramrajya
Righteous just polity; weakest has equal justice; NOT Hindu state
Where it helps Common misconception
Read the study note →- Recognitive Justice
Acknowledging and affirming the cultural identity of marginalised groups (Fraser, Young)
Where it helps Tribal rights, linguistic minorities
Read the study note →- Recusal
Withdrawing from a decision where COI exists
Read the study note →- Ren
Confucius: benevolence; heartfelt concern for others; supreme virtue
Where it helps Confucian ethics
Read the study note →- Responsible AI for All
NITI Aayog's 2021 ethical AI framework for India
Read the study note →- Right to Information
Legal right to access government records (RTI Act 2005)
Where it helps Transparency mechanism
Read the study note →- Right to Repair
Emerging consumer transparency right — companies must disclose product repair information
Where it helps Evolving transparency norm
Read the study note →- Rin
Primordial debt — Deva, Pitru, Rishi Rin — grounding all ethical obligation
Read the study note →- Rishi Rin
Debt to teachers/knowledge tradition — repaid through learning and teaching
Where it helps Knowledge ethics
Read the study note →- Rit
Vedic cosmic moral order sustaining the universe; precursor to Dharma
Read the study note →- RTI Act 2005
Citizens' right to seek government information; default is disclosure
Read the study note →- RTI Act, 2005
Citizen's right to government information within 30 days; born from MKSS movement
Where it helps Social accountability tool
Read the study note →- Rule of Law
Law, not persons, governs — no one above the law
Where it helps Constitutional Q
Read the study note →- Sadguna
Virtues: Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya, Aparigraha, Daya, Dhairya, Prajna
Read the study note →- Sakama Karma
Action with attachment to desired results; opposite of Nishkama Karma
Where it helps Contrast concept
Read the study note →- Salt March / Dandi March
1930 — 241-mile march to defy salt tax; classic civil disobedience
Where it helps Historical satyagraha
Read the study note →- Samatvam
Equanimity; "yoga is equanimity" (Ch. 2.48); equal composure in success and failure
Where it helps Psychological resilience
Read the study note →- Sanchita Karma
Accumulated past karma not yet yielding results
Read the study note →- Santiniketan
Tagore's school — holistic, nature-based, arts-integrated value education
Where it helps Indian tradition
Read the study note →- Sarvodaya
Welfare of all; policy must prioritise the weakest — Gandhi/Vinoba
Where it helps Inclusive governance
Read the study note →- Satya
Truth as alignment of thought, speech, and action — Gandhi
Where it helps Integrity 5-mark
Read the study note →- Satyagraha
Truth-force; non-violent resistance to convert opponent's heart
Read the study note →- SDRF
State Disaster Relief Fund — source of drought/flood relief in Rajasthan
Where it helps Relief distribution cases
Read the study note →- Secondary Socialisation
Value formation through schools, peers, media; more rational
Where it helps Education role Q
Read the study note →- Sedition Law
IPC Section 124A — historically used to restrict speech; SC stayed enforcement 2022
Where it helps Press freedom threat
Read the study note →- Self-Awareness (EI)
Recognising one's own emotional states and biases
Read the study note →- Self-Regulation (EI)
Managing impulses; thinking before acting
Read the study note →- Seva
Service to humanity as a spiritual-ethical duty — Vivekananda
Read the study note →- Seven Social Sins
Gandhi's 1925 diagnostic: politics-wealth-pleasure-knowledge-commerce-science-worship all without corresponding virtue
Where it helps Most-tested formula
Read the study note →- Shreyan Swadharmo Vigunah
"Better is one's own duty imperfectly performed..." (Ch. 3.35)
Read the study note →- Shubha
The Good: what is Dharma-aligned, spiritually conducive, universally beneficial
Read the study note →- Social Audit
Community verification of government expenditure, pioneered by MKSS in Rajasthan
Where it helps Community accountability
Read the study note →- Social Justice
Fair distribution of rights, opportunities, resources
Where it helps Ambedkar/welfare
Read the study note →- Social Learning Theory
People learn by observing and imitating others — Bandura
Read the study note →- Sreya
The genuinely good though difficult (vs. Preya = merely pleasant) — Katha Upanishad
Read the study note →- Stakeholder
Any individual or group affected (directly or indirectly) by an administrative decision
Where it helps Step 2 of framework
Read the study note →- Sthitaprajna
Steadily wise person; stable in all situations — Bhagavad Gita 2.55
Where it helps Leadership ideal
Read the study note →- Supermind
Aurobindo: next stage of evolution — consciousness that directly knows truth
Where it helps Aurobindo concept
Read the study note →- Surplus in Man
Tagore: human creative excess beyond biological need; seeks expression in art, spirituality
Read the study note →- Svadharma
One's own contextual duty arising from role and nature — Gita 3.35
Read the study note →- Swadeshi
Economic self-reliance; use locally produced goods
Where it helps Aatmanirbhar link
Read the study note →- Swadharma
Duty specific to one's role and position (Ch. 3.35); role ethics
Where it helps Administrative ethics
Read the study note →- Swaraj
Self-rule — political (independence) and moral (inner self-governance)
Read the study note →- Transparency
Openness of government processes to citizen scrutiny
Read the study note →- Trigunas
Three qualities: Sattvic (pure), Rajasic (passionate), Tamasic (inert)
Read the study note →- Trusteeship
Administrator as trustee of public resources, not owner — Gandhi
Read the study note →- Unto This Last
Ruskin's 1860 essay; Gandhi translated as Sarvodaya; inspired welfare of weakest philosophy
Where it helps Intellectual source
Read the study note →- Upaya Kaushalya
Buddha: skillful means — adapting teaching to audience
Read the study note →- Utilitarianism
Consequentialist doctrine: maximise greatest happiness of greatest number (Bentham, Mill)
Read the study note →- Vairagya
Detachment (from results); NOT indifference to quality of work
Read the study note →- Value Inculcation
Process of deeply internalising moral principles across generations
Read the study note →- Value Rationality
Weber: acting from ethical values, not just efficiency
Where it helps Underlying ethical commitment
Read the study note →- Veil of Ignorance
Rawls: choose justice principles without knowing your social position
Where it helps A Theory of Justice
Read the study note →- Vinoba Bhave
Gandhi's spiritual successor; Bhoodan movement (1951); extended Sarvodaya
Where it helps Post-Gandhi Gandhism
Read the study note →- Virtue Ethics
Focus on cultivating virtuous character — Aristotle
Read the study note →- Vishada
Despondency; moral paralysis (Ch. 1); Arjuna's crisis
Where it helps Negative lesson — avoid inaction
Read the study note →- Watchdog Journalism
Investigative journalism exposing government misconduct and corruption
Read the study note →- Wertrationalität
Weber: value rationality — choosing actions based on ethical values, regardless of efficiency
Where it helps Conscience's mode
Read the study note →- Whistleblower
Person who discloses wrongdoing within an organisation; protected under 2014 Act
Where it helps Accountability tool
Read the study note →- Whistleblowers Act 2014
Protection for public servants who disclose wrongdoing in good faith
Read the study note →- Whistleblowers Protection Act
2014 Act protecting bona fide disclosures of wrongdoing in public interest
Read the study note →- Whistleblowing
Exposing internal illegality/unethical conduct
Where it helps Integrity under pressure
Read the study note →- Yadyad Acharati Shreshthas
"Whatever the leader does, that the people follow" (Ch. 3.21) — leadership ethics
Where it helps Leadership responsibility
Read the study note →- Yajna
Sacrifice/offering; life as continuous giving-back; extends concept of Rin
Where it helps Cosmic obligation
Read the study note →- Yamas
Restraints in Yoga Sutras: Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Aparigraha
Read the study note →- Yogakshema
Security (yoga) + welfare (kshema) — dual duty of administration
Read the study note →- Young India
Gandhi's English journal (1919–32); source of Seven Social Sins (1925)
Where it helps Publication context
Read the study note →- Zweckrationalität
Weber: means-end rationality — choosing efficient means to a predetermined end
Where it helps AI's mode of reasoning
Read the study note →